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Microbiology Pt.2 > chapter 8 microbial metabolism > Flashcards

chapter 8 microbial metabolism Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

catabolic reactions

A

that breakdown substances (nutrients) and
release energy

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2
Q

anabolic reactions

A

build up new substances

using the energy and building blocks obtained from the catabolic reactions

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3
Q

How is ATP produced

A

ADP + energy + P  ATP

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4
Q

Phototroph

A

uses light for energy

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5
Q

Chemotroph

A

uses chemicals as the energy source

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6
Q

Autotroph

A

uses carbon dioxide (CO2) as the carbon source

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7
Q

Heterotroph

A

uses an organic compound as the carbon source

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8
Q

Chemoautotroph

A

use a chemical for energy but CO2 for carbon

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9
Q

Chemoheterotroph

A

use chemical for both energy and carbon

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10
Q

Photoheterotroph

A

light for energy but need an organic compound
for carbon

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11
Q

Photoautotroph

A

photosynthetic organisms (light for energy and
CO2 for carbon)

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12
Q

Organotrophs

A

energy from organic compounds

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13
Q

Lithotrophs

A

energy from inorganic compounds (unique to
the microbial world)

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14
Q

Oxygenic Photosynthesis

A

has oxygen as a
byproduct

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15
Q

Anoxygenic Photosynthesis

A

the byproduct is
not oxygen

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16
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

lower the activation energy needed for the
reaction to occur

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17
Q

what are enzymes made out of?

A
  • proteins with cofactors
  • protein part is called the apoenzyme
  • protein with its cofactor is known as the
    holoenzyme
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18
Q

coenzymes

A

Organic cofactors

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19
Q

what are electron carriers?

A

NAD+ and FAD

20
Q

what is the reduced form of NAD+

A

NADH
(and the NADH
is now carrying the energy that was transferred)

21
Q

Oxidation reactions

A

molecules losing
electrons

22
Q

Reduction reactions

A

involve
molecules that gain electrons.

23
Q

how do cells extract energy

A

by oxidizing
them and the electrons being removed come off as hydrogen
atoms

24
Q

Substrate-level phosphorylation

A

occurs when
an enzyme directly transfers a phosphoryl group
to ADP (generally happens within the reaction
sequence)

25
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

A

involves reduced
coenzymes passing electrons to an electron
transport chain fueling the phosphorylation of
ADP (happens across a membrane)

26
Q

Photophosphorylation

A

where light energy is
used to activate electrons (only occurs in
photosynthetic organisms)

27
Q

how many reactions do glycolysis have

A

10

28
Q

glycolysis

A

glucose is broken down into two
pyruvic acid molecules

29
Q

what does glycolysis produce

A
  • net gain is 2 ATP
  • Also 2 NADH (reduced coenzymes) are produced
30
Q

what happens in the intermediate step

A

pyruvic acid produced during glycolysis is
converted into acetyl-CoA

31
Q

what gets produced in the intermediate step?

A

CO2 is released and an NADH is formed

32
Q

why does the intermediate step happen twice?

A
  • glycolysis resulted in 2 pyruvic acid
    molecules
    -2NADHs and 2 acetyl-CoAs are formed
33
Q

what is the net result of the kreb cycle?

A
  • 3NADH,
    1FADH2 plus an ATP (at the substrate level)
  • happens twice
  • 6NADH,
    2FADH2 and 2ATP
34
Q

what happens in the electron transport train?

A

This is where the energy stored in the reduced coenzymes (NADH &
FADH2) are used to produce variable amounts of ATP depending on
whether it is being driven aerobically or anaerobically

35
Q

what are the results of the electron transport train?

A

NADH — 3 ATP
FADH2—- 2 ATP

36
Q

how many ATPs are produced per glucose molecule after the electron transport train

A

38

37
Q

per glucose molecule after glycolysis

A

2 ATP & 2NADH

38
Q

per glucose molecule after intermediate step

A

2 NADH

39
Q

per glucose molecule after kreb cycle

A

2ATP, 6NADH, & 2FADH2

40
Q

whats the math with the ATPs after the electron transport train

A

-4 ATPs have been produced prior to the
electron transport chain
- along with 10 NADH
resulting in 30ATPs and 2 FADH2 resulting in 4 ATPs,
so for a prokaryote working aerobically 4+30+4=38
total ATP (per glucose molecule)

41
Q

anaerobes

A

no oxygen

42
Q

aerobes

A

oxygen

43
Q

anaerobes produce _________ ATP

A

less

44
Q

Fermentation is used because…

A

organisms that do not have or
cannot use respiratory chains can rely on
fermentation to produce energy

45
Q
A

Microbiology Pt.2 (7 decks)

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