Chapter 7 microbial biochemistry Flashcards
what is the atomic number?
the number of protons
what is atomic mass?
protons + neutrons
what are the three forms of atoms?
- ions
- isotopes
3.molecules
Ions
charged atoms
isotopes
atoms differing in numbers of neutrons
molecules
two or more atoms bonded together
protons
positive charge
neutrons
one neutral (no charge)
Electrons
negative charge
what is a atom that is neutrally charged?
when protons are equal to electrons
what are isomers?
molecules with the same structural formula but different properties (the spatial arrangement of the atom differs)
macronutrients
account for 99% of dry weight of cells/ most abundant elements in cells
1. hydrogen
2. carbon
3. oxygen
4. nitrogen
5. phosphorous
6. sulfur
micronutrients
- sodium (Na)
- potassium (K)
- Magnesium (Mg)
- zinc (Zn)
- Iron (Fe)
- calcium (Ca)
- molybdenum (Mo)
- Copper (Cu)
- cobalt (Co)
- manganese (Mn)
- vanadium (V)
what is the four most abundant elements
carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen
C6 H12 O6
formula for glucose, fructose, and galactose
what is the key element in organic chemistry
carbon
organic molecules’ skeleton made out of what?
carbon held by covalent bonds
Hydroxyl functional group
O-H
(alcohols, monosaccharides, amino acids, nucleic acids)
Carboxyl group
-H-O-C –O
(amino acids, proteins, fatty acids)
Amino group
NH2
(amino acids, proteins)
sulfhydryl group
S-H
(amino acids, proteins)
Methyl group
CH3
(methylated compounds such as methyl alcohols and methyl esters)
Phosphate group
PO3H2
(Nucleic acids, phospholipids, ATP)
Carbonyl group
O – C
(ketones, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, amides)
Acids
Release H+ ions
Bases
releases OH- ions
Salts
held by ionic bonds but do not release H+ or OH- ions
What does the pH go from?
0-14
what does the lower pH numbers mean? (0-6)
-acidic solutions
-more H+ ions
what does the upper pH numbers mean? (8-14)
-alkaline (basic)
-OH- ions
Ionic Bonds
when atoms gain and lose electrons
what is anion
when an atom gains electrons it becomes a negative ion
what is a cation
when an atom loses an electron it becomes a positive ion
what are electrolytes?
ions dissolved in solution
sodium chloride (NaCl)
table salt
covalent bonds
when atoms come together by sharing atoms
what is a polar covalent bond?
when electrons are shared disproportionately due to one of the atoms having a larger electronegativity than the other
what is an example of a polar covalent bond
H2O
who does water interact with?
polar substances
hydrogen bond
-the dipole-dipole attraction between molecules
-attractive force between a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to a very electronegative atom such as N, O, or F atom and another very electronegative atom
carbohydrates
- built from sugar molecules that with carbon atoms
- (CH2O)n (n=number of carbons)
monosaccharides
- individual sugar molecule
- they are put together by dehydration synthesis reactions to build the other larger molecules
how are monosaccharides classified?
- based on the number of carbon
- trioses, tetroses, pentoses, hexoses
what are disaccharides?
two monosaccharides linked together by a glycosidic bond (covalent bond)
examples of disaccharides?
sucrose, lactose, and maltose
what are polysaccharides?
polymers composed of hundreds of monosaccharide monomers linked together by glycosidic bond
what are examples of polysaccharides?
starch and glycogen and cellulose
what are some structural polysaccharides?
-cellulose, N-acetyl glucosamine, and N-acetyl muramic acid
- used in the construction of peptidoglycan or chitin
basic fat
-triglyceride
-3 fatty acids attached by dehydration synthesis
complex lipids
has a glycerol with 2 fatty acids attached plus a functional group
- ex. phosphate group - phospholipids
