Chapter 4 Prokaryotic Diversity Flashcards
What is mutualism?
Both parties benefit
Amensalism
One party is harmed and the other is unaffected
Communalism
One is benefited and the other is unaffected
Neutralism
Unaffected and unaffected
Parasitism
One is benefitted and the other is harmed
What is Bergey’s manual?
summarizes the information about the kinds of bacteria known at the time, and is has been since updated
Taxonomy in order
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus
What does ‘atypical” mean?
neither gram positive or gram-negative
Gram Negative
bacteria with thin peptidoglycan cell wall. Results in red stain
Gram positive
bacteria with thick peptidoglycan cell wall. Results in purple stain.
What is the phylum of the gram-negative prokaryotic organisms?
- Proteobacteria
Nonproteobacteria
- CFB (cytophaga, flavobacterium, bacteroides)
-Spirochetes
What are the 5 classes of proteobacteria?
-Alphaproteobacteria
-Betaproteobacteria
-Gammaproteobacteria
- Deltaproteobacteria
- Epsilonproteobacteria
What is phototropic?
include both proteobacteria and non proteobacteria
How are gram positive bacteria classified?
- Actinobacteria (high guanine and cytosine)
- Low G+C
what are the main characteristics of alphaproteobacteria?
(Gram negative prokaryotic)
-they are oligotrophs:
capable of living in a low-nutrient environment
-obligate intracellular: rely on other cells for ATP, so they must live inside a host cell for part of their life cycle
Rickettsias
-transmits through vectors such as lice and ticks
-is part of the alphaproteobacteria class
R.rickettsii
-Rocky mountain spotted fever
-via tick
-inflammation of the membranes of the brain
Chlamydia
-phototropic (alphaproteobacteria)
-extremely resistant
-spread via elementary bodies ->into the epithelial cell->reticulate bodies release more elementary bodies until all the ATP is used up
Unique characteristics of betaproteobacteria?
-require a copious amount of organic nutrients
-uses a wide range of metabolic strategies
-can survive in range of environments
Genus neisseria
-Part of the betaproteobacteria class
-gonorrhoeae
-meningitis
-pertussis(whooping cough)
Where are rRNA produced?
Nucleolus (which is inside nucleus)
What does pertussis do?
-whooping cough
-damage respiratory cells by paralyzing cilia
Unique characteristic of the gammaproteobacteria
-most diverse
-number of pathogens
Ring worm
Caused by fungi not a worm
Mycoses
Fungal infection
What is yeast?
-Unicellular fungi
-Opportunistic infection (when normal flora is reduced and can not keep yeast at bay)
-Antibiotic resistant (only for prokaryotes)
How are fungal infections treated
Medication that target ergostral
Disinfection
Is not sterilization still resistant forms remain
Biofilms
Organisms living in a community
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
-aerobic
-gammaproteobacteria
-high motility and no fermenting
-chronic UTI
-wounds and burns
-resistant to antibiotics
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
-gammaproteobacteria
-aerobe
-chronic UTI
-infect wounds and burns
what causes ring worm?
Fungi
genus Neisseria
-betaproteobacteria
-gonnorrhoeae
-meningitides
genus bordetella
-betaproteobacteria
-whooping cough
- paralyze cilia in the respiratory tract
mycoses
fungal infection
prokaryotic ribosomes
70s (50s+30s)
eukaryotic ribosomes
80s (60s+40s)
autoclave
uses pressure to kill bacteria
flatworms
-platyhelminths
-flukes,tapeworms,tuberlarians
what are the segments of the body of the worm called?
proglottids
which flat worms were segmented?
-tapeworm
which flat worms were unsegmented?
flukes
cilia
-hairlike organelle
-two central microtubules
protozoans pellicle
bands of protein just inside the membrane that add rigidity forming a structure
viral multiplication
adsorption,penatration,replication,maturation,assembly,release
what is the structure of viruses?
nucleic acid (DNA orRNA) sorrouned by a protein coat. envelope is obtained by budding out of cell
how do viruses replicate?
only inside the host cell. They “take over”.
Prions
transmissible proteins
What is the name of prions in sheep, cow, and humans?
scrapie-sheep
mad cow disease- cattle
creutzfeldt jakob disease-humans
what is one approach that has been developed to treat viral infections?
nucleoside analogs (acyclovir)
How do animal viruses replicate?
Attachment, penetration, uncoating, replication, assembly, release
DNA viruses…
enter host cell (as provirus) and then can direct production of new viruses from there
RNA viruses…
operate from host’s cytoplasm
What are retro viruses
RNA viruses that carry enzymes to convert RNA —> DNA
Lytic cycle
phage invades the bacterium and replicates making more phages until the bacterium explodes. Releases new phages -it lyses
Lysogenic phase
The phage invades the bacterium but this time its genome gets incorporated into the bacterial chromosome as a prophage (which is then replicated along with the chromosome as the bacterium does binary fission, so all progeny cells are infected)
what casues the red tide?
K.brevis, dinoflagellets
If prophage pops out then it can enter…
lytic phase
dsDNA replication strategy
follows cellular process
ssDNA
has to produce complimentary DNA to then produce the mRNA that will be used to make the proteins
ssRNA
+sense can act as an mRNA and produce proteins
-sense is complementary to mRNA and then needs another enzyme to convert to mRNA that can be used to produce the proteins
dsRNA
uses the enzyme (viral RNA dependent RNA polymers) to produce mRNAs to then be used to produce the proteins
isotonic solution
balanced, equal, no net movement
hypotonic solution
external has a low concentration of solute and high water concentration
hypertonic
the movement of water goes out of the cell, as there is a high concentration of solute outside of the cell
which bacteria is most prevalent in the human gut?
bacteroides
betaproteabactreia genra
-neisseria
-bordetella
-leptothrix
how do spirochetes propel themselves?
axial filament
deinococcus radiodurans
deeply branching bacteria considered polyextremophile
what genus does Samonella belong to?
gammaproteobacteria
what class does e.coli fall in?
gammaproteobacteria
