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Microbiology > Chapter 8 Microbial Genetics > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Microbial Genetics Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Genome

A

Sum of total of genetic material of an organism

  • most in the form of chromosomes
  • some appear in plasmids
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2
Q

Chromosome

A

discrete cellular structure composed of neatly packaged DNA molecule (not including plasmids)

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3
Q

Gene

A

a certain segment of DNA that contains the necessary code to make a protein or RNA molecule

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4
Q

Phenotype

A

the expression of certain traits (structures or functions)

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5
Q

Genotype

A

the sum of all gene types; an organisms distinctive genetic makeup

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6
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

occur between the two bases between strands and are weak bonds

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7
Q

covalent bonds

A

form a sugar-phosphate linage, the backbone of each strand, they are very strong.
5’ end is the end with a phosphate group out, 3’ is the OH group

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8
Q

Nucleotides of DNA

A

DNA has a deoxyribose sugar, with no oxygen on the 2nd carbon

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9
Q

base pairing DNA

A

Adenine (A) & Thymine (T)

Guanine (G) & Cytosine (C)

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10
Q

Enzymes involved in replication- DNA

A

helicase, primase, DNA polymerase I and III, ligase, and topisomerases

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11
Q

Origin of replication and how it starts

A

(ori) it is a short sequence, rich in A&T, held together by only two H bonds rather than 3, less energy is required to separate the strands.

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12
Q

Okazaki Fragments

A

the lagging strand goes 3’-5’ and has gaps because it goes slower and during elongation and termination the forks come full circle and meet.

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13
Q

Transcription

A

DNA -> RNA

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14
Q

RNA structure

A

RNA is made from only one of DNA strands (template strand)

contains ribose, OH at the second carbon

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15
Q

RNA nucleotides

A

A, C, G, U

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16
Q

RNA base pairs

A

A and U

C and G

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17
Q

Promotor RNA

A

where the RNA polymerase binds to the DNA. Has 2 parts

1) sequence DNA that binds RNA polymerase tightly.
2) RNA polymerization start site about 10 bp along.

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18
Q

Termination sequence RNA

A

an area that has low affinity for RNA polymerase, called terminator.

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19
Q

Direction of transcription

A

it builds the RNA 5’ -> 3’

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20
Q

Ribosomes in translation

A

translation occurs on ribosomes. its made up of rRNA and proteins. there is a large unit and a subunit, the large unit has an A, P and E site.

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21
Q

tRNA

A

transfer RNA. the key to translation (looks like a key). Genetic code matches to the mRNA. tRNA delivers amino acid units

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22
Q

mRNA

A

what the genetic code matches to

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23
Q

Initiation

A

the small subunit binds to the 5’ end of the mRNA and the large subunit supplies enzymes for making peptide bonds on the protein. the first codon is the start codon (AUG)

24
Q

Elongation

A

entrance of the tRNA’s 1 and 2. move through the a and p site then to the e site, the exit site

25
Q

termination

A

termination is when any of the termination or STOP codons are present. they do not code for a tRNA or any amino acid.

26
Q

Steps of translation

A
  1. initiation
  2. elongation
  3. termination
27
Q

Redundancy

A

a particular amino acid can be coded for by more than a single codon.

28
Q

wobble

A

in many cases only the first two nucleotides are required to encode the correct amino acid, thought to permit some variation.

29
Q

Prokaryote transcriptions-translation

A

it is very efficient, a single mRNA is long enough to be fed through more than one ribosome. both occur in the cytoplasm

30
Q

Eukaryotes introns and exons

A

most eukaryotic genes do not exist as uninterrupted series.
introns- sequences that do not code for protein.
exons- coding regions that will be translated into protein

31
Q

Prokaryotic operons

A

prokaryotes organize collections of genes into operons. it is a coordinated set of genes regulated as a single unit, either inducible or repressible.

32
Q

Inducible (lac operon)

“usually off’

A

the operon is off in the absence of lactose, it attaches to the operator of the operon. it locks the operator and prevents any transcription of genes downstream. the operon is on if the substrate becomes a genetic inducer by attaching to the repressor making it fall off the operator.

33
Q

Repressible (arg operon)

“usually on”

A

the operon is on and remains on when a nutrient products are in great demand by the cell. the operon is off when arginine builds up serving as a corepressor

34
Q

Mutant strain

A

when a microorganism bears a variance in one or more of the following

  • morphology
  • nutritional characteristics
  • genetic control mechanisms
  • resistance to chemicals
  • temperature preference
  • any type of enzymatic function.
35
Q

Wild type

A

a microorganism that exhibits a natural, non-mutated characteristic

36
Q

spontaneous mutations

A

random change in the DNA arising from errors in replication.

37
Q

Conjuction

A

donor cell with pilus transfers the plasmid. F+ has to donate to F-, the F factor is copied and the bridge stays open.
Hfr cell makes a partial chromosome, and gives donated genes to the other cell and the bridge gets broken.

38
Q

Transformation

A

direct uptake of naked DNA

39
Q

Generalized transduction

A

only between same species cells. random fragments of disintegrating host DNA are taken up by the bacteriophage

40
Q

Specialized transduction

A

highly specific part of the host genome is regularly incorporated into the virus. viral DNA and bacterial DNA.

41
Q

transposons

A

contain DNA coding for enzymes needed to remove and reintegrate the transposon at another site in the genome.

42
Q

Structural genes

A

code for proteins

43
Q

Machinery genes

A

code for RNA machinery used in protein proudction

44
Q

regulatory genes

A

control gene expression

45
Q

semiconservative replication

A

DNA replication is semiconservative because one is old and one is new.

46
Q

Helicase

A

unzips the DNA helix

47
Q

Primase

A

synthesizing an RNA primer

48
Q

DNA polymerase III

A

adding bases to the new DNA chain, proofreading for mistakes

49
Q

DNA polymerase I

A

removing the primer, closing gaps and repairing mistakes falls behind so it corrects a little more.

50
Q

ligase

A

final binding of nicks in DNA synthesis and repair

51
Q

Topoisomerases

A

supercoiling and untangling

52
Q

point mutation

A

involve addition, deletion or substitution of single bases

53
Q

missense mutation

A

any change in the code that leads to the placement of a different amino acid

  • can create a faulty nonfunctional protein
  • can produce a protein that functions in a different manner
  • can cause no significant alteration
54
Q

nonsense mutation

A

changes a normal codon into a stop codon

55
Q

silent mutation

A

alters a base but does not change the amino acid and thus has no effect (wobble)

56
Q

frameshift mutation

A

mutations that occur when one of more bases are inserted into or deleted from a newly synthesized DNA strand

Microbiology (4 decks)

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