Chapter 8: Memory Flashcards
Dissociable memory systems
There are memory systems independent of one another
Encoding
Translating information into neural code
Storage
Maintaining info
Retrieval
Pulling info out of storage
Iconic memory
Visual info that lasts for fractions of seconds
Echoic memory
Stores auditory info for 2 seconds
What are the 4 types of memory codes
Visual encoding (mental images) Phonological encoding (sounds) Sematic encoding (meaning) Motor encoding (movement)
Short term memory (STM)
Holding a limited amount of info for a short amount of time while we are consciously aware
Chunking
Associating items into larger units with meaning makes them easier to memorize
Maintenance rehearsal
Simple repetition, Least effective
Elaborative rehearsal
Actively engaging and manipulating info, effective
STM vs WM
WM involves actively processing and manipulating short term info while STM is somewhat like a loading dock
What are the three components involved with WM
The central executive-Directs attention, controls flow of info
Visual-spatial sketchpad-Processes visually based info,
Phonological loop- Processes auditory info
Recency effect
Later items remembered better, most recent STM
Primacy effect
Earlier items remembered better, LTM
Automatic processing
Unintentional, requires minimal attention
Effortful processing
Intentional, needs effort
Depth of processing (DOP)
Structural-Does it have a vowel- least recognition
Phonemic-Does it rhyme- second most
Sematic-Does it make sense- most
What are mnemonic devices and name 2
Memory aids such as acronyms and Method of Loci
Dual coding theory
Learning two things so you can know one better
Schemas
A template you use for comparison for how you perceive stimuli
Expertise development
Being a professional that affects how schemas are developed
Associated network
A network of related concepts, each concept being a node
Spreading activation
When one node is being focused on, everything it is associated with become activated
Priming
when you provide a stimulus similar to something your thinking about, you will likely relate the stimulus to that thing
Encoding specificity principle
Memory enhanced when conditions of retrieval are the same as when it is encoded
Context dependent memory
Easier to remember when its in the same environment as where its learnt
Mood-congruent recall
Recalling events based on mood
State-dependent memory
Easier to retrieve when internal state is better
Relearning
Easier to relearn things
Decay theory
Things are first forgotten in large portions, then slower
What are two causes of forgetting
Not being able to encode
Not being able to retrieve from LTM
Proactive interference
Previous info interferes with new info
Retroactive interference
New info interferes with previous
Flashbulb memories
Memories with high emotional value that seem extremely vivid but tend to not be accurate
Misinformation effects
Errors in memory that are brought up by misleading info. Done by word choice
Repression
Choosing to forget unfavored memories
Retrograde amnesia
Memory loss of the past
Anterograde amnesia
Memory loss of future events
Dementia
Deficits in the brain caused by deterioration
Alzheimer’s
Both retrograde and anterograde amnesia, associated with increased amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and reduced acetylcholine
Infantile amnesia
Losing memories from infantry
Prospective memory
Memory telling you to perform actions in the future (remembering to go grocery shopping)
Cryptoamnesia
Unconscious plagiarism of someone’s work due to lack of recognition of original source
