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Psychology 104 > Chapter 11: Motivation and emotion > Flashcards

Chapter 11: Motivation and emotion Flashcards

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1
Q

What is motivation

A

Processes that influence the direction, persistence, and vigor of goal-directed behavior

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2
Q

What are instincts

A

A hard-wired way we behave when exposed to a certain stimulus

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3
Q

What is drive theory

A

An idea that relates to physiological homeostasis. When it gets interrupted, a drive is produced making the organism act in a certain way to regain homeostasis. It involves sensors, a control center, and a response system

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4
Q

What are some issues with drive theory

A

People often act in a way to change homeostasis. (eg. riding a roller coaster)

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5
Q

What do theorizes focusing on incentives emphasize on

A

Pull factors

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6
Q

Describe the expectancy x value theory

A

Behavior is determined by a combination of the strength of expectations that the behavior will lead to a goal and how much value the person places on achieving that goal

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7
Q

What are incentives

A

Stimuli that pull organisms toward a goal

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8
Q

What is intrinsic vs extrinsic motivation

A

Intrinsic motivation is accomplishing a goal for its own sake (eg. accomplishment, interest) and has more value and long lasting effects.
Extrinsic motivation is performing a task for a certain reward or to avoid punishment.

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9
Q

What is the overjustification hypothesis

A

Providing extrinsic rewards for something that one finds intrinsically rewarding diminishes the overall motivation

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10
Q

What ideas does the psychodynamic view present on motivation

A

It states that unconscious motives affect our behavior (ie. wanting to play hockey because you are more violent and its more acceptable in hockey). It emphasizes on sexual and aggressive motives.

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11
Q

What does the humanistic view state about motivation

A

It distinguishes deficiency needs (physical/social survival) and growth needs (reaching our full potential).
It also shows the idea of a need hierarchy which shows a progression of needs across multiple tiers which lead to self-actualization.

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12
Q

What does the self-determination theory focus on

A
  1. Competence-need to overcome new obstacles
  2. Autonomy-The ability to exercise free choice in an unconstrained way
  3. Relatedness-meaningful social connection
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13
Q

What does set point theory state

A

We have an internal physiological standard that regulates body weight

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14
Q

What are the 4 signals of hunger

A
  1. Stomach contracts
  2. Livir converts stored nutrients into glucose, causing drop-rise patterns
  3. Ghrelin is released by small intestines
  4. Neuopeptide Y released by Periventricular nucleus (PVN)
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15
Q

What signals satiety (feeling full)

A
  1. Various peptides released by small intestine
  2. Leptin- hormones released by fat cells that amplify feeling of satiety
  3. Stomach expands
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16
Q

What is the lateral hypothalamus

A

Associated with stimulating eating

17
Q

What is the ventromedial hypothalamus

A

Associated with inhibiting eating

18
Q

What is the periventricular nucleus

A

Integrates information across various hunger/satiety signals

19
Q

What are gonadotropins

A

They affect the rate at which gonads release androgens (testosterone) and estrogen (estradiol) which are sex hormones. Both are important for both genders

20
Q

What are organizational effects from sex hormones

A

Organizational effects- reflects the development of male/female sex characteristics
Antinational effects- Begins at puberty, stimulate sexual desire and behavior

21
Q

What is a need for achievement

A

A desire to accomplish a task for intrinsic reasons

22
Q

What is the difference between motive for success and fear of failure

A

Motive for success is being driven by wanting long term success while fear of failure is being driven by the fear that if you don’t work, you’ll fail

23
Q

What is achievement goal theory

A

Describes four “achievement/motivation profiles” which vary in goal type/focus

24
Q

Describe emotions

A

Positive or negative feeling states which can be associated with a pattern of cognitive, physiological, and behavioral reactions. They also play a art in motivation

25
Q

What are the effects of emotions

A
  • They can prepare us for actions (ie. flight or fight)
  • Negative emotions can tighten focus (ie weapon focus: people who have been robbed can often only remember the weapon)
  • Positive emotions can broaden thinking and promote explanation/skill learning
26
Q

What are cognitive appraisals

A

The interpretation and meaning we attach to stimuli.

27
Q

What are the subcortical structures and what do they do

A

The hypothalamus, the amygdala, and the hippocampus cause destruction or stimulation of particular parts of the limbic system which can produce aggression

28
Q

What are the cortical structures and what do they do

A

The prefrontal cortex is in charge of regulating emtions

29
Q

How do neurotransmitters affect our emotions

A

Dopamine and endorphins may shape our pleasurable moments while norepinephrine and dopamine make similar contributions to anger

30
Q

Describe the dual pathways for emotion

A

The thalamus could either directly send a signal to the amygdala for a fast response when needed or it sends it to the cerebral cortex which allows for interpretation and a more wide range of feedbacks

31
Q

How do the left and right hemispheres have to do with emotions

A

The left hemisphere is associated with positive emotions while the right is associated with negative

32
Q

What do polygraphs test for

A

Autonomic responses which happen when we’re afraid or nervous

33
Q

What are expressive behaviors

A

Conveying how you feel with how you look

34
Q

What are instrumental behaviors

A

Actions that convey how you feel (eg. studying for an exam that your anxious for)

35
Q

How do mirror neurons work with emotions

A

Studying someone’s emotions may cause empathy from one person which can lead to producing a similar state in ourselves

36
Q

What is the James-Lange theory

A

Emotions are entirely attributed to physiological processes

37
Q

What is the Cannon-Bard theory

A

Emotions are attributed to cognitive and physiological processes which are independent

38
Q

What are cognitive-affective theories

A

Emphasize the ways in which physiology and cognition interact

39
Q

What is Schacter’s two-factor theory of emotion

A

Physiological arousal- tells us how strongly we feel (shaking a lot)
Situational factors- tell us what we feel (shaking could be excitement or anxiety)

Psychology 104 (9 decks)

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