Chapter 11: Motivation and emotion Flashcards
What is motivation
Processes that influence the direction, persistence, and vigor of goal-directed behavior
What are instincts
A hard-wired way we behave when exposed to a certain stimulus
What is drive theory
An idea that relates to physiological homeostasis. When it gets interrupted, a drive is produced making the organism act in a certain way to regain homeostasis. It involves sensors, a control center, and a response system
What are some issues with drive theory
People often act in a way to change homeostasis. (eg. riding a roller coaster)
What do theorizes focusing on incentives emphasize on
Pull factors
Describe the expectancy x value theory
Behavior is determined by a combination of the strength of expectations that the behavior will lead to a goal and how much value the person places on achieving that goal
What are incentives
Stimuli that pull organisms toward a goal
What is intrinsic vs extrinsic motivation
Intrinsic motivation is accomplishing a goal for its own sake (eg. accomplishment, interest) and has more value and long lasting effects.
Extrinsic motivation is performing a task for a certain reward or to avoid punishment.
What is the overjustification hypothesis
Providing extrinsic rewards for something that one finds intrinsically rewarding diminishes the overall motivation
What ideas does the psychodynamic view present on motivation
It states that unconscious motives affect our behavior (ie. wanting to play hockey because you are more violent and its more acceptable in hockey). It emphasizes on sexual and aggressive motives.
What does the humanistic view state about motivation
It distinguishes deficiency needs (physical/social survival) and growth needs (reaching our full potential).
It also shows the idea of a need hierarchy which shows a progression of needs across multiple tiers which lead to self-actualization.
What does the self-determination theory focus on
- Competence-need to overcome new obstacles
- Autonomy-The ability to exercise free choice in an unconstrained way
- Relatedness-meaningful social connection
What does set point theory state
We have an internal physiological standard that regulates body weight
What are the 4 signals of hunger
- Stomach contracts
- Livir converts stored nutrients into glucose, causing drop-rise patterns
- Ghrelin is released by small intestines
- Neuopeptide Y released by Periventricular nucleus (PVN)
What signals satiety (feeling full)
- Various peptides released by small intestine
- Leptin- hormones released by fat cells that amplify feeling of satiety
- Stomach expands
What is the lateral hypothalamus
Associated with stimulating eating
What is the ventromedial hypothalamus
Associated with inhibiting eating
What is the periventricular nucleus
Integrates information across various hunger/satiety signals
What are gonadotropins
They affect the rate at which gonads release androgens (testosterone) and estrogen (estradiol) which are sex hormones. Both are important for both genders
What are organizational effects from sex hormones
Organizational effects- reflects the development of male/female sex characteristics
Antinational effects- Begins at puberty, stimulate sexual desire and behavior
What is a need for achievement
A desire to accomplish a task for intrinsic reasons
What is the difference between motive for success and fear of failure
Motive for success is being driven by wanting long term success while fear of failure is being driven by the fear that if you don’t work, you’ll fail
What is achievement goal theory
Describes four “achievement/motivation profiles” which vary in goal type/focus
Describe emotions
Positive or negative feeling states which can be associated with a pattern of cognitive, physiological, and behavioral reactions. They also play a art in motivation
What are the effects of emotions
- They can prepare us for actions (ie. flight or fight)
- Negative emotions can tighten focus (ie weapon focus: people who have been robbed can often only remember the weapon)
- Positive emotions can broaden thinking and promote explanation/skill learning
What are cognitive appraisals
The interpretation and meaning we attach to stimuli.
What are the subcortical structures and what do they do
The hypothalamus, the amygdala, and the hippocampus cause destruction or stimulation of particular parts of the limbic system which can produce aggression
What are the cortical structures and what do they do
The prefrontal cortex is in charge of regulating emtions
How do neurotransmitters affect our emotions
Dopamine and endorphins may shape our pleasurable moments while norepinephrine and dopamine make similar contributions to anger
Describe the dual pathways for emotion
The thalamus could either directly send a signal to the amygdala for a fast response when needed or it sends it to the cerebral cortex which allows for interpretation and a more wide range of feedbacks
How do the left and right hemispheres have to do with emotions
The left hemisphere is associated with positive emotions while the right is associated with negative
What do polygraphs test for
Autonomic responses which happen when we’re afraid or nervous
What are expressive behaviors
Conveying how you feel with how you look
What are instrumental behaviors
Actions that convey how you feel (eg. studying for an exam that your anxious for)
How do mirror neurons work with emotions
Studying someone’s emotions may cause empathy from one person which can lead to producing a similar state in ourselves
What is the James-Lange theory
Emotions are entirely attributed to physiological processes
What is the Cannon-Bard theory
Emotions are attributed to cognitive and physiological processes which are independent
What are cognitive-affective theories
Emphasize the ways in which physiology and cognition interact
What is Schacter’s two-factor theory of emotion
Physiological arousal- tells us how strongly we feel (shaking a lot)
Situational factors- tell us what we feel (shaking could be excitement or anxiety)
