chapter 8 - memory

Question 1

3 processes of memory

Answer 1

encoding, storage, retrieval

Question 2

what is encoding

Answer 2

translating information into a neural code so it can be stored for later use

Question 3

what is storage

Answer 3

process by which information is retained over time

Question 4

what is retrieval

Answer 4

pulling information back out of mind for use

Question 5

what is the three component model

Answer 5

sensory memory, short term/working memory, long term memory

Question 6

what is sensory memory

Answer 6

shortest memory, mostly associated with visual and auditory information, held through 2 types of sensory registers

Question 7

2 kinds of sensory registers

Answer 7

iconic store: visual info
echoic store: auditory info

Question 8

what is short term memory

Answer 8

where we temporarily store and process a limited amount of information
limited capacity: 7 plus minus 2
limited duration: 20 seconds

Question 9

information storage in STM

Answer 9

visually (images), phonologically (sounds), semantically (meaning), action (motor patterns), if you store too much in one too quickly causes error

Question 10

Increasing STM Capacity

Answer 10

chunking: group small “bits” into larger “bits”, e.g. phone number

Question 11

Increasing STM Duration

Answer 11

Maintenance Rehearsal: Simple repetition
Elaborative Rehearsal: Focus on Meaning

Question 12

what is long term memory

Answer 12

durable story of past events and learned knowledge, capacity believed unlimited, can endure lifetime

Question 13

types of long term memory

Answer 13

Declarative memory- explicit (consists of episodic and semantic),
procedural memory- implicit

Question 14

what is anterograde amnesia

Answer 14

loss of ability to assimilate and retain new knowledge

Question 15

what is retrograde amnesia

Answer 15

loss of memory for events that have happened in the past, can still make new memory

Question 16

Henry Molaison

Answer 16

bilateral temporal lobectomy, lessened epilepsy but caused anterograde amnesia, learned declarative memory and procedural systems are different, medial temporal structures are important information of semantic and episodic long-term memories, working memory does NOT require medial temporal structures

Question 17

K.F.

Answer 17

motorcycle damaged left parietal occipital region, short term memory damage, long term in tact, taught us that long term does not require functioning short term to encode new information

Question 18

Clive Wearing

Answer 18

virus attacked CNS, anterograde and retrograde amnesia, can learn new tasks using procedural memory

Question 19

serial position effect

Answer 19

describes relationship between a word’s position in a list and its probability of recall

Question 20

primacy and recency effect

Answer 20

primacy: easy to remember at beginning of list
recency: easy to remember things you have encountered most recently (end)

Question 21

effortful processing

Answer 21

intentional, effortful, conscious processing

Question 22

automatic processing

Answer 22

unintentional process requiring minimal attention

Question 23

levels of processing

Answer 23

structural (shallow), phonemic (mid), semantic (deepest level)

Question 24

maintenance rehersal

Answer 24

repeating information over and over, not very strong to improve recall

Question 25

elaborative rehearsal

Answer 25

adding information + meaning, easier to remember, stronger recall

Question 26

types of mnemonic devices

Answer 26

simple, visual based, semantic, complex

Question 27

types of simple mnemonic

Answer 27

hierarchies: organize based on how things are related chunking: combine items into later units of meaning

Question 28

types of visual based mnemonics

Answer 28

noninteracting non bizarre (least), interacting non bizarre, non interacting bizarre, interacting bizarre (best recall)

Question 29

types of semantic mnemonic

Answer 29

first letter: apply meaning to first letter narrative: tell story to remember

Question 30

types of complex mnemonic

Answer 30

method of loci: link what you need to remember with a place, assign each room/part of place with a different thing on your list

Question 31

what is priming

Answer 31

exposure to one stimulus influences a response to a subsequent stimulus without conscious guidance or intention

Question 32

associative network

Answer 32

network of associated concept, each is a node, activating one will activate other related concepts

Question 33

neural networks

Answer 33

nodes are physical, contain information for multiple concepts, concept is stored within network, multiple nodes for one set of information

Question 34

what is retrieval

Answer 34

process of transferring information from LTM back into working memory

Question 35

value of distinctiveness

Answer 35

things that stand out are more easily recalled

Question 36

what are flashbulb memories

Answer 36

memory for the circumstance in which you first learned about a very surprising and emotionally arousing event, accuracy decreases over time

Question 37

what are cues

Answer 37

stimulus that leads to activation of information stored in LTM

Question 38

encoding specificity

Answer 38

learn information together with its context

Question 39

state dependent learning

Answer 39

learning is associated with a particular internal state

Question 40

transfer appropriate processing

Answer 40

type of studying you do should match the test you take

Question 41

encoding failure

Answer 41

failure to encode, lack of attention and deep processing

Question 42

decay of memory trace

Answer 42

long-term physical trace in NS fades away over time and with disuse

Question 43

interference theory

Answer 43

information is forgotten because other items in LTM impair ability to retrieve it Proactive: old interfere with new Retroactive: new interfere with old

Question 44

dementia

Answer 44

impaired memory and other cognitive deficits that accompany brain degeneration and interfere with normal functioning, most famous symptom for alzheimer's, usually through neuronal death

Question 45

alzheimer's

Answer 45

severe retrograde and anterograde amnesia, gets worse