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psych > chapter 3. - biological bases of behaviour > Flashcards

chapter 3. - biological bases of behaviour Flashcards

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1
Q

Neurons

A

Specialized cells that make up the nervous system.

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2
Q

Parts of a neuron

A

Cell body (Soma)
Dendrites
Axon
Axon terminals

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3
Q

Cell body (soma) functions

A

Keep the cell alive.

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4
Q

Dendrite functions

A

Receive signals from the cell body

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5
Q

Axon functions

A

Bring signals to the axon terminals

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6
Q

Axon terminal functions

A

Send the signals to other cells.

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7
Q

Glial Cells

A

Hold the cells in place and they make and store the nutrients for the cell. They also make the myelin sheath

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8
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

Insulation and protective layer around the cell that is created by the glial cells.

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9
Q

Functions of Neurons

A
  1. Generate Electricity
  2. Release Chemicals
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10
Q

Steps of a Neural Impulse

A
  1. Cells at rest have electrical resting potential
  2. Electrical charge passes through a stimulated cell and produces an action potential
  3. Returns to rest
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11
Q

Resting Potential

A

Cell is at rest with electrical resting potential → -70mV

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12
Q

Action Potential

A

(nerve/neural impulse)
1. K inside, Na outside
2. Na channels open, inside becomes positive (depolarization)
3. potassium open, outside of cell, becomes more neg (repolarization)
4. overshoot (hyper polarization)
5. triggers next, acts like a wave down axon

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13
Q

Restoring Resting Potential

A

When the distribution of ions is restored, so the cell can rest again.

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14
Q

Absolute Refractory Period

A

The time after an action potential when a cell cannot fire again.

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15
Q

All-or-None Law

A

An action potential either happens or it does not, there are not different levels of action potentials.

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16
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

The part of the cell without a myelin sheath where an action potential can occur.

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17
Q

Synapses

A

Where axon terminals meet dendrites. Functional connections between neurons and their targets

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18
Q

Synaptic Cleft

A

The gap between cells where they communicate. (neuron –> neuron)

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19
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemical messages that carry messages across the synapses.

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20
Q

5 Stages of Neurotransmitter (chemical comminucation)

A
  1. Synthesis - Make the neurotransmitters in the axon terminals.
  2. Storage - Store the neurotransmitters in the synaptic vesicles.
  3. Release - Release into the synapse.
  4. Binding - Attach to receptor cites (lock and key)
  5. Deactivation - Broken down and recycled
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21
Q

Inhibitory Neurotransmitter

A

Makes resting potential more negative (hyper polarization)

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22
Q

Excitatory Neurotransmitter

A

Makes resting potential more positive (depolarization)

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23
Q

Specialized Neurotransmitters

A

There are specific neurons for different brain systems.

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24
Q

Three types of Neurons

A
  • Sensory neurons
  • Motor neurons
  • Interneurons
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25
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

Bring messages from sense organs to the nervous system.

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26
Q

Motor Neurons

A

Bring messages from the nervous system to muscles and organs.

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27
Q

Internerons

A

The most common type of neuron; they send messages from neuron to neuron.

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28
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

Nerves that are not a part of the spinal cord and the brain.

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29
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Responsible for voluntary movements from sensory and motor neurons. bring information from the sensory receptors and sends information to muscles. (PNS)

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30
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Regulates internal environment and involuntary functions like respiration, circulation, and digestion. Made up of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. (PNS)

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31
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

A part of the autonomic nervous system. Responsible for fight or flight response. It acts as a unit and is responsible for activation and arousal.

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32
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Acts much slower than the sympathetic. Calms the body down; rest and digest. (ANS)

33
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

Nerves that make up the spinal cord and the brain.

34
Q

Spinal Cord

A

Connects the PNS and the brain.

35
Q

Spinal Reflexes

A

Simple stimulus-response sequences like reflexes.

36
Q

The Brain

A

A complex structure that is made up of protein, fat, and fluid.

37
Q

Three Brain Planes

A

Horizontal plane → birds eye view (forehead split)
Coronal plane → front to back (fish)
Sagittal plane → side view (middle face)

38
Q

Forebrain (cerebum)

A

Large pink part that has numerous functions.

39
Q

Midbrain

A

Middle part of the brain responsible for reflex actions and voluntary movements.

40
Q

Hindbrain

A

Lower and back part of the brain responsible for vital functions and coordinating movements.

41
Q

Cerebral Cotrex

A

Outer layer of the brain that is responsible for thinking and mental processes and thinking specifically personality, vision, sensations, and hearing. Made up of the frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes.

41
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

Collection of motor neurons responsible for movement.

42
Q

Limbic System

A

Made up of the hippocampus, amyglada, nucleus accumbens, thalamus, and hypothalamus. (forebrain)

43
Q

Thalamus

A

Relays incoming sensory information through groups of neurons that project to the appropriate region in the cortex. Switch board/middle man. (forebrain)

44
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Regulate basic biological drives and makes hormones. (forebrain)

45
Q

Hippocampus

A

memory (limbic)

46
Q

Amygdala

A

Emotional response. (hippocampus)

47
Q

Nucleus Accumbens

A

Reward centre. (hippocampus)

48
Q

Reticular Formation

A

Involved in regulation of consciousness; regulates sleep, wakefulness, and attention. (midbrain)

49
Q

Superior Colliculi

A

Involved in vision and visual reflexes (ex. dialating pupils) (midbrain)

50
Q

Inferior Colliculi

A

Involved in hearing.(midbrain)

51
Q

hindbrain (brainstem)

A

Made up of the medulla, pons, and cerebellum.

52
Q

Medulla

A

Keeps you alive. (brainstem)

53
Q

Pons

A

Relays signals between the different levels of the nervous system. It regulates sleep and dreaming. (brainstem)

54
Q

Cerebellum

A

Is the little brain. It is responsible for coordination, balance, and muscle tone. (brainstem)

55
Q

Motor Cortex

A

Voluntary movements. (cerebrum)

56
Q

Somatic Sensory Cortex

A

Receives sensations of temperatures and feeling (touch). (cerebrum)

57
Q

Primary Auditory Cortex

A

temporal lobe. (cerebrum)

58
Q

Primary Visual Cortex

A

Occipital lobe. (cerebrum)

59
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

Language comprehension → temporal lobe

60
Q

Broca’s Area

A

Speech production → frontal lobe

61
Q

Association Cortex

A

It is in all parts of the cerebral cortex (cerebrum) , and it makes up most of the brain. Combines information and makes the big picture.

62
Q

Right Hemisphere

A

MORE responsible for feeling, intuition, and humour. More creative hemisphere.

63
Q

Left Hemisphere

A

MORE analytical and logical. Responsible for speech, language, and time.

64
Q

Electroencephalography (EEG)

A

Measures electrodes to see electricity in brain to see activity. Can see everything in real time. Cheaper.

65
Q

Computer Tomography (CT)

A

Is basically a x-ray for your brain to look at structure. Cheaper

66
Q

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

A

Builds a picture using radioactive material. Maps functional processes in the brain in a very general way. Cheap.

67
Q

Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

A

Builds a picture of brain using a strong magnetic field. Gives a high definition picture of the structures and features of the brain. Very expensive and takes a long time.

68
Q

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

A

Detects a change in blood oxygenation. Combines MRI with blood flow. Expensive.

69
Q

Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)

A

Builds a picture of water movement in the brain using an MRI scanner. Can observe blood flow along specific neural tracts.

70
Q

Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS)

A

Shines light through skull to make a very inaccurate picture.

71
Q

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

A

Can turn off a part of the brain. Way to use electrical activity and manipulate activity in human brains without lasting effects. Not expensive.

72
Q

Blood-Brain Barrier

A

Barrier created by the glial cells that keeps blood away from neurons.

73
Q

Left and Right Visual Field

A

Left goes to right brain
Right goes to left brain

74
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

The bridge between the two hemispheres.

75
Q

Split-Brain

A

When the bridge is broken between the two hemispheres. (can be used to treat seizures)

76
Q

Postmortem Studies

A

Looking at the brain of a dead person to study structure.

77
Q

studying Living Non-Human Animals

A

Looking and testing on animal brains.

78
Q

studying Live Human Brains

A

Surgical techniques only if needed. Imaging techniques.

psych (4 decks)

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