Chapter 8-Memory

Question 0

What is confabulation?

Answer 0

Confusion of an event that happened to someone else with one that happened to you, or a belief that you remember something when it never actually happened.

Question 1

What is source misattribution?

Answer 1

The inability to distinguish an actual memory of an event from information you learned about the event elsewhere.

Question 2

What is explicit memory?

Answer 2

Conscious, intentional recollection of an event or of an item of information.

Question 3

What is a recall?

Answer 3

The ability to retrieve and reproduce from memory previously encountered material.

Question 4

What is recognition?

Answer 4

The ability to identify previously encountered material.

Question 5

What is implicit memory?

Answer 5

Unconscious retention in memory, as evidenced by the effect of a previous experience or previously encountered information on current thoughts or actions.

Question 6

What is priming?

Answer 6

A method for measuring implicit memory in which a person reads or listens to information and is later tested to see whether the information affects performance on another type of task.

Question 7

What is the relearning method?

Answer 7

A method for measuring retention that compares the time acquired to relearn material with the time used in the initial learning of the material.

Question 8

What is parallel distributed processing(PDP) model?

Answer 8

A model of memory in which knowledge is represented as connections among thousands of interacting processing units, distributed in a vast network, and all operating in parallel.

Question 9

What is sensory register?

Answer 9

A memory system that momentarily preserves extremely accurate images of sensory information.

Question 10

What is short-term memory(STM)?

Answer 10

In the three-box model of memory, a limited-capacity memory system involved in the retention of information for brief periods; it is also used to hold information retrieved from long-term memory for temporary use.

Question 11

What is working memory?

Answer 11

In many models of memory, a cognitively complex form of short-term memory that involves the active mental processes that control retrieval of information from long-term memory and interpret that information appropriately for a given task.

Question 12

What is long-term memory(LTM)?

Answer 12

In the three-box model of memory, the memory system involved in the long-term storage of information.

Question 13

What are procedural memories?

Answer 13

Memories for the performance of actions or skills (“knowing how”).

Question 14

What are declarative memories?

Answer 14

Memories of facts, rules, concepts, and events(“knowing that”); they include semantic and episodic memories.

Question 15

What are semantic memories?

Answer 15

Memories of general knowledge, including facts, rules, concepts, and propositions.

Question 16

What are episodic memories?

Answer 16

Memories of personally experienced events and the contexts in which they occurred.

Question 17

What is the serial-position effect?

Answer 17

The tendency for recall of the first and last items on a list to surpass recall of items in the middle of the list.

Question 18

What is long-term potentiation?

Answer 18

A long-lasting increase in the strength of synaptic responsiveness, thought to be a biological mechanism of long-term memory.

Question 19

What is consolidation?

Answer 19

The process by which a long-term memory becomes durable and stable.

Question 20

What is maintenance rehearsal?

Answer 20

Rote repetition of material in order to maintain its availability in memory.

Question 21

What is elaborative rehearsal?

Answer 21

Association of new information with already stored knowledge and analysis of the new information to make it memorable.

Question 22

What is deep processing?

Answer 22

In the encoding of information, the processing of meaning rather than simply the physical or sensory features of a stimulus.

Question 23

What is mnemonics?

Answer 23

Strategies and tricks for improving memory, such as the use of a verse or a formula.

Question 24

What is the decay theory?

Answer 24

The theory that information in memory eventually disappears if it is not accessed; it applies better to short-term than to long-term memory.

Question 25

What is retroactive interference?

Answer 25

Forgetting that occurs when recently learned material interferes with the ability to remember similar material stored previously.

Question 26

What is proactive interference?

Answer 26

Forgetting that occurs when previously stored material interferes with the ability to remember similar, more recently learned material.

Question 27

What is cue-dependent forgetting?

Answer 27

The inability to retrieve information stored in memory because of insufficient cues for recall.

Question 28

What is state-dependent memory?

Answer 28

The tendency to remember something when the rememberer is in the same physical or mental state as during the original learning or experience.

Question 29

What is mood-congruent memory?

Answer 29

The tendency to remember experiences that are consistent with one’s current mood and overlook or forget experience that are not.

Question 30

What is amnesia?

Answer 30

The partial or complete loss of memory for important personal information.

Question 31

What is repression?

Answer 31

In psychoanalytic theory, the selective, involuntary pushing of threatening or upsetting information into the unconscious.

Question 32

What is childhood(infantile) amnesia?

Answer 32

The inability to remember events and experiences that occurred during the first two or three years of life.

Question 33

What is a chunk?

Answer 33

Meaningful unit of information, it may be composed of smaller units.