Chapter 8-Memory Flashcards
What is confabulation?
Confusion of an event that happened to someone else with one that happened to you, or a belief that you remember something when it never actually happened.
What is source misattribution?
The inability to distinguish an actual memory of an event from information you learned about the event elsewhere.
What is explicit memory?
Conscious, intentional recollection of an event or of an item of information.
What is a recall?
The ability to retrieve and reproduce from memory previously encountered material.
What is recognition?
The ability to identify previously encountered material.
What is implicit memory?
Unconscious retention in memory, as evidenced by the effect of a previous experience or previously encountered information on current thoughts or actions.
What is priming?
A method for measuring implicit memory in which a person reads or listens to information and is later tested to see whether the information affects performance on another type of task.
What is the relearning method?
A method for measuring retention that compares the time acquired to relearn material with the time used in the initial learning of the material.
What is parallel distributed processing(PDP) model?
A model of memory in which knowledge is represented as connections among thousands of interacting processing units, distributed in a vast network, and all operating in parallel.
What is sensory register?
A memory system that momentarily preserves extremely accurate images of sensory information.
What is short-term memory(STM)?
In the three-box model of memory, a limited-capacity memory system involved in the retention of information for brief periods; it is also used to hold information retrieved from long-term memory for temporary use.
What is working memory?
In many models of memory, a cognitively complex form of short-term memory that involves the active mental processes that control retrieval of information from long-term memory and interpret that information appropriately for a given task.
What is long-term memory(LTM)?
In the three-box model of memory, the memory system involved in the long-term storage of information.
What are procedural memories?
Memories for the performance of actions or skills (“knowing how”).
What are declarative memories?
Memories of facts, rules, concepts, and events(“knowing that”); they include semantic and episodic memories.
What are semantic memories?
Memories of general knowledge, including facts, rules, concepts, and propositions.
What are episodic memories?
Memories of personally experienced events and the contexts in which they occurred.
What is the serial-position effect?
The tendency for recall of the first and last items on a list to surpass recall of items in the middle of the list.
What is long-term potentiation?
A long-lasting increase in the strength of synaptic responsiveness, thought to be a biological mechanism of long-term memory.
What is consolidation?
The process by which a long-term memory becomes durable and stable.
What is maintenance rehearsal?
Rote repetition of material in order to maintain its availability in memory.
What is elaborative rehearsal?
Association of new information with already stored knowledge and analysis of the new information to make it memorable.
What is deep processing?
In the encoding of information, the processing of meaning rather than simply the physical or sensory features of a stimulus.
What is mnemonics?
Strategies and tricks for improving memory, such as the use of a verse or a formula.
What is the decay theory?
The theory that information in memory eventually disappears if it is not accessed; it applies better to short-term than to long-term memory.
What is retroactive interference?
Forgetting that occurs when recently learned material interferes with the ability to remember similar material stored previously.
What is proactive interference?
Forgetting that occurs when previously stored material interferes with the ability to remember similar, more recently learned material.
What is cue-dependent forgetting?
The inability to retrieve information stored in memory because of insufficient cues for recall.
What is state-dependent memory?
The tendency to remember something when the rememberer is in the same physical or mental state as during the original learning or experience.
What is mood-congruent memory?
The tendency to remember experiences that are consistent with one’s current mood and overlook or forget experience that are not.
What is amnesia?
The partial or complete loss of memory for important personal information.
What is repression?
In psychoanalytic theory, the selective, involuntary pushing of threatening or upsetting information into the unconscious.
What is childhood(infantile) amnesia?
The inability to remember events and experiences that occurred during the first two or three years of life.
What is a chunk?
Meaningful unit of information, it may be composed of smaller units.
