Chapter 8: Long-Term Assets Flashcards
Land is never depreciated because its useful life is indefinite
Depreciation
What Are the Various Types of Long-Term Assets?
- Property, plant, and equipment
- Intangible assets
- Goodwill
Property, Plant, and Equipment: For example a building
PP&E
- is purchased to help generate revenues in future periods.
- has physical form.
Intangible assets: For example a trademark
- is purchased to help generate revenues in future periods.
- lacks physical form.
- is separable (that is, it could be sold or licensed).
Goodwill:
- results from a business combination.
- will contribute to the generation of revenues in future periods.
- cannot be separated from the business and sold.
Tangible asset
An asset that has physical substance, such as land, buildings, or machinery, furniture, computer equipment, vehicles, planes, boats.
Are PP&E purchased for resale?
PP&E are not purchased for resale. (Otherwise, they would be considered to be inventory, as discussed
Intangible assets
A non‐physical capital asset that usually involves a legal right, which will provide future economic benefits to the organization, such as patents, copyrights, or licences
Can intangible assets be sold?
Yes, they can be resold, licensed, or rented (separately identifiable from other assets)
Goodwill
long-term asset that arises when two businesses are combined.
An intangible asset that results from a business combination and represents a company’s above‐average earning capacity as a result of reputation, advantageous location, superior sales staff, expertise of employees, and so on. It is only recorded when a company acquires another company and pays more for it than the fair market value of its identifiable net assets.
Why pair more for a goodwill
the premium or excess paid by one business when it is acquiring another that is related to factors such as management expertise, corporate reputation, or customer loyalty.
Why Are Long-Term Assets of Significance to Users?
- Users will want to monitor the age of a company’s long-term assets.
- Users will also want to know if the company has determined whether there have been any significant negative changes in the expected use of the asset
- a user might also want to determine the extent to which the company’s long-term assets have been pledged as security to creditors or the extent to which the company has chosen to lease its long-term assets rather than purchase them.
Do PP&E produce revenues?
PP&E assets do not produce revenues on their own
used in combination with other PP&E assets, together with the efforts of employees, to produce revenues.
Secondary benefit to PP&E
PP&E assets also embody a secondary future benefit in that they may be sold in the future when they are no longer of use to the company.
Under IFRS, there are two models that can be considered when determining the amount at which PP&E will be reflected on the statement of financial position
1) Cost model
2) Revaluation model
What model is allowed for ASPE
Only the cost model is allowed under ASPE
The majority of both private and public corporations use the
Cost model
Under the cost model, PP&E assets are presented on the statement of _________ at their _______
Financial position carrying amount (net book value)
Carrying amount (net book value)
which is their cost less their accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses
(80,000 - 2,000 - 8,000)
Acquisition cost.
An asset’s original cost
Depreciation
The allocation of the cost of capital assets to expense over their estimated useful lives
Accumulated depreciation is a
Contra-asset account (This means that it is an asset account, but its normal balance will be a credit)
KEY POINTS
Carrying amount is:
- the portion of the asset’s cost that has yet to be expensed.
- not what the asset is worth.
Capitalized
Characteristic of a cost that has been recorded as an asset, rather than an expense.
“Cost” Includes (aka costs to be capitalized)
cost include
- purchase price (less any discounts or rebates)
- non-refundable taxes and import duties on the purchase price
- legal costs associated with the purchase
- shipping or transportation costs
- site preparation, installation, and set-up costs
Basket purchase (aka lump-sum purchase) Lump sum purchase
A purchase of assets in which more than one asset is acquired for a single purchase price (like a grocery store)
Most popular basket purchase
a company purchases a warehouse or office building. At the same time, it would normally also acquire the land on which the building is situated
Relative fair value
The proportion that an asset’s fair value represents of the total fair value of a group of assets purchased in a single transaction (that is, a basket purchase), which is used to allocate the purchase price
Most common Relative fair value
The most common way would be to have an appraisal completed that will provide the relative fair values of each asset
But remember
It is important to remember that the company must record the purchase for what it paid, not what the appraised values are
Basket purchase scenarios can occur in other situations, including the purchase of an airplane or cargo vessel. In both these situations,
IFRS requires companies to determine if there are separate depreciable components within the asset
(i.e For an airplane, it may be necessary to depreciate the fuselage (or body of the plane) differently from the engines)
Expensed
The characteristic of a cost, such as repairs to an item of property, plant, and equipment, being classified as a cost in a certain period rather than capitalizing it
Future economic benefit to assets
1) will these costs extend the useful life of the asset (beyond the original estimate),
2) will they reduce the asset’s operating costs,
3) will they improve the asset’s output either in terms of quantity or quality?
Capitalized vs expensedd
If you said yes to any point made in slide 33, then it is capitalized, if you said ‘no’ to all then it is expensed
Materiality
is an element of the fundamental qualitative characteristic of relevance. Information is considered to be material if it would affect the decisions of a financial statement user.
revaluation model
PP&E assets are carried at their fair value (as determined at points of time known as the revaluation dates) less any subsequent accumulated depreciation and any subsequent impairment losses
When does revaluation happen do assets?
may be annual for assets with rapidly changing values or every three to four years for assets whose values change slowly
Important revaluation note
If a company is following the revaluation model for a class of assets, then all of the assets in that class must be revalued.
(For example, all buildings or all land must be revalued, rather than just individual buildings or parcels of land.)
Why Do We Depreciate Property, Plant, and Equipment?
We depreciate PP&E in order to allocate a portion of the asset’s cost to each of the periods in which the future economic benefits embodied in the asset are being used up or consumed as a result of its use
In order to depreciate PP&E, we need to know three pieces of information
1) Cost
2) Estimated residual value
3) Estimated useful life
Estimated residual value
This is a management estimate and is the net amount that the company expects it would receive if the asset were sold in the condition it is expected to be in at the end of its useful life.
Estimated useful life
This is a management estimate and can be determined by time (such as years) or usage (such as units, hours, or kilometres)
Depreciable amount
The portion of an asset’s cost that should be expensed over the periods in which the asset is expected to help generate revenues, calculated by the cost less the estimated residual value.
Depreciable Amount =
Cost - Estimated Residual Value
There are a variety of acceptable depreciation methods, and a company is expected to use the method that:
best reflects the pattern in which it expects the asset’s future benefits to be used up
Depreciation Methods
1) Straight-line method
2) Units-of-production method
3) Diminishing-balance method