Chapter 7: Inventory Flashcards
Inventory
Any item purchased by a company for resale to customers or to be used in the manufacture of a product that is then sold to customers
All companies with the exception of __________ have inventory
service businesses
merchandisers (aka retailers)
A company that purchases goods from manufacturers or suppliers and sells them to customers.
manufacturers
A company that makes products
Why Is Inventory of Significance to Users?
For retailers and manufacturers, inventory is often the most significant current asset; that is, the largest asset that will be converted to cash over the next year
-most significant asset on the company’s statement of financial position
Suppliers
companies that can provide the required items on a timely basis. Location of the supplier can be an important consideration because of the amount of time required between the order date and the delivery date, as well as the costs of shipping
Stockout
A situation arising when a company sells all of a specific item of inventory and has no more available
What Are the Major Classifications of Inventory?
1) raw materials,
2) work-in-process,
3) finished goods
Raw materials
All of the items required to manufacture a product
ex: wood, plastic, fabric, nails, glue
Work-in-process
A class of inventory used to record the costs of products that have been started but have not been completed at the end of the accounting period
- The classification includes the costs of raw materials plus labour costs and overhead costs
(ex: chairs and tables that are partially assembled but are not yet complete.)
Finished goods
Products completed by a manufacturer and ready for sale to customers.
Over head
Manufacturing costs other than the costs of raw materials and labour, such as utilities and depreciation of the manufacturing facility.
Four transactions as inventory moves through a manufacturer:
- Raw materials are purchased.
- Raw materials are used and incorporated into the manufacture of products. These are known as work-in-process until the manufacturing process has been completed.
- The manufacturing process is completed and the goods move from work-in-process to finished goods.
- The goods are sold and move from finished goods to cost of goods sold.
The most commonly used shipping terms are
FOB shipping point and FOB destination
FOB shipping point
Shipping term signifying that the buyer is responsible for paying shipping and any other costs incurred while the goods are in transit from the seller’s premises to the buyer’s premises.
-the buyer owns the inventory when it leaves the seller’s premises (the shipping point), and the buyer includes these goods in its inventory even though they have not yet arrived.
FOB destination
Shipping term signifying that the seller is responsible for paying shipping and any other costs incurred while the goods are in transit from the seller’s premises to the buyer’s premises.
-the buyer does not own the inventory until it reaches the buyer’s premises (its destination) and the buyer does not record the inventory until it arrives.
FOB stands for?
Free on board
Key points for FOB
FOB shipping point: buyer owns inventory when it leaves the seller’s premises.
FOB destination: buyer owns the inventory when it arrives at the buyer’s premises.
Consignment arrangements
The consignor continues to own the goods, and they are included as part of their inventory. The consignee must ensure that the consigned goods they hold are excluded from their inventory.
Inventory flows through inventory systems
A company starts each accounting period with the inventory that it had at the end of the previous period.
Is inventory permanent or temporary account
Permanent account!
Opening inventory or beginning inventory
Inventory is a permanent account, the account balance carries over from one period to the next.
Cost of goods available for sale (COGAS)
The cost of all of the goods that a company had available to sell to its customers during the period, calculated as the cost of the opening inventory plus the cost of purchases
COGAS =
Opening inventory + purchases
Periodic inventory systems
An inventory system in which cost of goods sold is determined by counting ending inventory, assigning costs to these units, and then subtracting the ending inventory value from cost of goods available for sale (that is, the sum of the beginning inventory plus purchases for the period)
Until a physical count is conducted, companies that use ______ will not know their cost of the inventory on hand nor the cost of goods sold in the period.
periodic inventory systems
These updates only happen when the company physically counts its inventory, which may be done only at the end of each month, ________
each quarter, or even each year
periodic inventory systems will use the cost of goods sold model as follows:
Opening inventory + purchases = Cost of goods available for sale - ending inventory = Costs of goods sold
Pros and cons to periodic inventory systems
Periodic inventory systems have the advantage of being easy to operate, they are often manual systems and do not require the use of computer hardware or software. This makes the upfront costs of these systems less expensive
but they have a significant disadvantage in that they do not provide management with up-to-date information about inventory quantities or costs.
- Companies must have regular inventory counts conducted, which requires additional wage costs for staff or payments to outside contractors
- Companies may also have to close for business in order to conduct counts, which can result in lost sales.
- unable to quantify the cost of inventory that has been lost to theft
Companies that use periodic systems record all inventory purchases in a _______.
When goods are sold, an entry is made to record the sale to the customer, but no entries are made to the _____ until the end of the accounting period when a physical count of inventory has been performed.
Purchases account
Inventory or Cost of Goods Sold accounts
Perpetual inventory systems
An inventory system in which the cost of goods sold is determined at the time a unit is sold and ending inventory is always known, in both units and dollars.
-These systems are computerized and generally require the use of bar code scanners
Some perpetual inventory systems track the physical flow of goods and their costs:
the system has details on the specific goods sold or still on hand, along with their costs.
Other perpetual inventory systems track only the physical flow of goods:
the system has details on the specific goods sold or still on hand, but does not track the cost information.
It is important to note that, while inventory counts are not required for companies using perpetual inventory systems, they are still conducted at least
once per year (at year end)
They are needed for companies to determine if the actual amount of physical goods on hand is equal to the ending inventory information according to the computer
Inventory shrinkage
The losses of inventory due to spoilage, damage, theft, or waste
Companies using perpetual inventory systems will use the cost of goods sold model as follows:
Opening inventory + purchases = cost of goods available for sale - cost of goods sold = ending inventory - actual ending inventory per count = shrinkage (or theft)