Chapter 8- Lecture Flashcards
What is sex?
Biologically rooted; describes our physical bodies whereby we distinguish between male and female.
What is sex categorized based on?
Categorized based on binaries implying diametrical opposites “opposite sex”
What is gender?
Socially constructed characteristics assoc. with girls and boys, men and women, masculinity and femininity
What does gender, like sex, suggest?
Binary opposition
What are intersected individuals?
Born with ambiguous genitalia
What is transgender used as an umbrella term for?
Those who do not fit into normative constructions of sex and gender?
What are transsexual individuals?
Used to encompass those who undergo sex reassignment (realignment).
What are gender relations?
Organizing principles that shape and order interactions between, as well as the relative social importance of, women and men
___is socially constructed
Gender
What are the two culturally dominant forms of masculinity and femininity?
Hegemonic masculinity and emphasized femininity
What is hegemonic masculinity?
Ideal of masculinity that men are supposed to strive to achieve. Requires men to be successful, capable,and reliable.
What is hegemonic masculinity tied to?
Heterosexuality
What is emphasized femininity?
Based on women’s compliance with their subordination to men. Requires women to be supportive, enthusiastic, and sexually attractive.
How are women compliant with their subordination men?
Women shying away from physical labour
When do gender expectations begin?
At birth
___practices are deeply gendered.
Child-rearing
Parents spend more time talking to___while leaving___alone; push their___more often than___.
- girls
- boys
- sons
- daughters
What is an example of families reproducing gender?
Gendered divisions of household labour
How does education reproduce gender?
hidden curriculum
What is the hidden curriculum teach girls?
Girls learn that they are not as important as boys.
Teachers interact with___more than___in classroom.
- boys
- girls
Teachers praise___for being congenial and neat while___praised for intellectual quality.
- girls
- boys
What is the chilly climate refer to?
Women’s experiences on university campuses differ from those of men.
How does the media play into reproducing gender?
Gender division reflected in and reinforced by all forms of media.
What are some examples of television shows that reproduce gender?
Desperate Housewives, Grey’s Anatomy, Lipstick Jungle
What are some examples of stereotypical reproductions of gender in television and media?
- All women are beautiful, heterosexual, and with a few exceptions, leading women are white
- Black men often tend to be portrayed as frightening, scary characters
- Reality television glorifies competitive cutthroat behaviour
- Commercials
- Talk shows
- Female politicians: focused on their looks and what they are wearing
Described how we reproduce our gendered bodies?
How we present our bodies, efforts to shape them, and how w interpret others’ bodies are all accomplished socially.
What are many television shows/networks directed at?
Helping individual achieve beauty ideals
What has become of plastic surgery? What are the top surgeries? Between what age range of women does the highest proportion of plastic surgery occur?
- Normalized
- Top surgeries are liposuction, rhinoplasty, eye lifts
- Highest proportion women between 35 and 50
What has their been a dramatic increase in with gender and work?
Dramatic increase in the number of employed women
Described the gendered labour force? Wha tar occupations segregated into?
Occupations segregated into men’s and women’s jobs
Women hold___lower-paying jobs than men.
more
___proportion of part-time workers (increase of___% between 1976 and 2000)
- Greater
- 100
Women represent___%of part-time workers?
70
Women who work in which dominated industries are more likely to never marry or to remain childless than women in other occupations?
Male dominated industries
In 2002 women working full-time earned an average of___while employed men working in the same schedule earned___.
- $36 000
- $50 000
By 2008, women working full-time earned on average___% of what men earned.
75
Gap is greater for___educated women who earned___% of what men earned.
- university
- 68
What are gender, class, and race all function as mechanisms for producing?
Social inequality
Which is one of the most disadvantaged groups of people?
Racialized women
What must minority women confront?
Racism, ethnocentrism, classism, and sexism
What is the intersectional approach key to understanding?
The complex experiences of how relations of gender, race, and social class work together to position some individuals as privileged and others as disadvantages.
What does intersectionality acknowledge?
The complexity and messiness of reality
How do functionalists approach gender?
Women demean preform separate, specialized, and complimentary roles to maintain cohesiveness. Well-defined roles reduce confusion and conflict regarding gender expectations.
What are the two types of gender roles for functionalist theory?
Instrumental and expressive roles
What does conflict theory focus on with gender?
Focus on examining gender differences in access to and control of scarce resources.
What type of family form does conflict theory believe in?
Nuclear family form, monogamous marriage, and men’s control of women’s sexuality emerged from need to ensure paternity.
How does symbolic interactionism approach gender?
-Interested in the meanings of male and female an of masculinity and femininity
What sociological approach looks at “doing” gender?
Symbolic interactionism
What does symbolic interactionism believe social institutions teach?
Gender-related behaviours
What is symbolic interactionism based on?
Operant conditioning
What does feminist theory believe about gender?
Gender is socially constructed
What does feminist theory attempt to identify with gender?
Attempt to identify the ways in which institutionalized and internalized norms limit women’s behaviours and opportunities.
Who does post-structuralist theory draw on the work of with gender?
Michele Foucault
What does post-structuralist theory believe about gender?
Masculinity, femininity, and even sex itself are socially and discursively constructed.
What does Judith Butler (post-structuralist theory) believe about gender (3 things)?
- Gender cannot be thought of as having some essential basis
- No authentic femininity and masculinity rooted in male and female bodies
- Gender is a performance
What does Judith Butler want to do away with and promote?
- Do away with either a masculine or feminine idea
- Promote fluidity of gender
