Chapter 8- Learning & Decision Making

Question 1

learning

Answer 1

reflects relatively permanent changes in an employee’s knowledge or skill that result from experience

Question 2

decision making

Answer 2

the process of generating and choosing from a set of alternatives to solve a problem

Question 3

expertise

Answer 3

the knowledge and skills that distinguish experts from novices and less experienced people

Question 4

explicit knowledge

Answer 4

the information you’re likely to think about when you picture someone sitting down at a desk to learn

Question 5

tacit knowledge

Answer 5

what employees can typically learn only through experience

Question 6

positive reinforcement

Answer 6

occurs when a positive outcome follows a desired behavior

Question 7

negative reinforcement

Answer 7

occurs when an unwanted outcome is removed following a desired behavior

Question 8

punishment

Answer 8

occurs when an unwanted outcome follows an unwanted behavior

Question 9

extinction

Answer 9

occurs when there is the removal of a consequence following an unwanted behavior

Question 10

continuous reinforcement

Answer 10

simplest schedule and happens when a specific consequence follows each and every occurrence of a desired behavior

Question 11

social learning theory

Answer 11

argues that people in organizations have the ability to learn through the observation of others

Question 12

learning orientation

Answer 12

building competence is deemed more important than demonstrating competence

Question 13

performance-prove orientation

Answer 13

focus on demonstrating their competence so that others think favorable of them

Question 14

performance-avoid orientation

Answer 14

focus on demonstrating their competence so that others will not think poorly of them

Question 15

programmed decisions

Answer 15

decisions that become somewhat automatic because people’s knowledge allows them to recognize and identify a situation and the course of action that needs to be taken

Question 16

intuition

Answer 16

emotionally charged judgements that arise through quick, nonconscious, and holistic associations

Question 17

crisis situation

Answer 17

change that results in an urgent problem that must be addressed immediately

Question 18

rational decision-making model

Answer 18

step-by-step approach to making decisions that maximize outcomes by examining all available alternatives

Question 19

satisficing

Answer 19

results when decision makers select the first acceptable alternative considered

Question 20

selective perception

Answer 20

tendency for people to see their environment only as it affects them and as it is consistent with their expectations

Question 21

projection bias

Answer 21

false assumption people tend to make when it comes to other people is the belief that others think, feel, and act the same way they do

Question 22

social identity theory

Answer 22

holds that people identify themselves by the groups to which they belong and perceive and judge others by their group membership

Question 23

stereotype

Answer 23

assumptions made about others on the basis of their membership in a social group

Question 24

heuristics

Answer 24

simple, efficient rules of thumb that allow us to make decisions more easily

Question 25

availability bias

Answer 25

tendency for people to base their judgments on information that is easier to recall

Question 26

fundamental attribution error

Answer 26

argues that people have a tendency to judge others' behaviors as due to internal factors

Question 27

self-serving bias

Answer 27

occurs when we attribute our own failures to external factors and our own successes to internal factors

Question 28

consensus

Answer 28

act the same as others

Question 29

distinctiveness

Answer 29

when a person acts differently depending on the circumstances

Question 30

consistency

Answer 30

always do the same thing when performing tasks

Question 31

escalation of commitment

Answer 31

refers to the decision to continue to follow a failing course of action

Question 32

behavior modeling training

Answer 32

to ensure that employees have the ability to observe and learn from those in the company with significant amounts of tacit knowledge

Question 33

communities of practice

Answer 33

groups of employees who work together and learn from one another by collaborating over an extended period of time

Question 34

transfer of training

Answer 34

when the knowledge, skills, and behaviors used on the job are maintained by the learner once training ends and generalized to the workplace once the learner returns to the job

Question 35

climate for transfer

Answer 35

environment that can support the use of new skills