Chapter 8 (Joints)

Question 1

Joints are named by

Answer 1

articulation - site where 2 or more bones meet

Question 2

arthritis - chronic or acute, inflammatory or degenerative

Question 3

arthro - joint
itis - inflammation

Question 4

Osteoarthritis

Answer 4

Degenerative

Question 5

Inflammatory arthritis

Answer 5

Acute - septic arthritis or gouty arthritis

Question 6

septic arthritis acute

Answer 6

due to infection can be direct like bacterial (gonorrhea viral at a distant site) or sterile tap like inflamed joint by sex transmission or viruses

Question 7

acute inflammatory arthritis gouty

Answer 7

due to gout, based on diet
2 gouts (traditional and pseudo) hallux (big toe) usually infected
to tell difference between 2 perform arthrocentesis which collect synovial fluid of a joint to microscopically identify
- traditional gout due to uric acid crystals, negative birefringent, needles, yellow or blue
- pseudogout positively birefringent, rhomboid, rectangular, coffin, diamond shape, calcium pyrophosphate

Question 8

rheumatoid arthritis chronic

Answer 8

autoimmune (inflammation is not coming from immune system attacking virus or bacteria but rather the body attacks itself), making antibodies against the joint itself as if it were a foreign antigen
to diagnose using serology by trying to detect antibodies
first check rheumatoid factor to see if autoimmune (sensitive but not specific)
second anti ccp diagnose rheumatoid arthritis
- while sleeping antibodies are building and attcking night long so joints are filled with antibodies lead to morning stiffness will resolve 30 minutes later from using joints
- tends to affect smaller joints like hands

Question 9

autoimmune tend to affect women more

Question 10

Osteoarthritis (wear and tear) chronic

Answer 10

Degenerative, more common in weight bearing joints like knees, hips, ankles
Risk factors: obesity and age
The heavier or longer you are the more weight or time you are bearing on joints
- Joint rice - splinters of bones that have broken off from where the bones articulate from (surrounded by chondrocytes)
- joint space is narrowing
- no pain in morning but after 30 minutes pain occurs

Question 11

Knee

Answer 11

Meniscus - connective tissue that cups the connective tissue on other side the hug the bone
Tear of meniscus - twisting locking (2 bones grinding), bone will glide against the surface of smooth connective tissue meniscus
Collateral ligaments - both side of the knee (medial and lateral) (MCL and LCL)
- if kick happens on lateral the force will exit on medial therefore medial is torn
- MCL most torn
Cruciates - crucifixes, cross shaped ligaments inside the knee between the femur and tibia, keeps them stable
- if impact on the posterior (back) blow the knee out anterior (front) which leads to anterior instability
- drawer test have person flex (bend) the knee so the knee is in flexion, try to pull knee forward anterior test if knee pulls forward anterior cruciate is torn

Question 12

hyaline cartilage

Answer 12

glassy looking cartilage, found primarily in respiratory tract (trachea)

Question 13

articulate cartilage

Answer 13

associated with articulate joints, worn away in osteoarthritis, designed to bear a lot of stress