Chapter 7 (Skeleton) Flashcards
clavicle
collarbone
cranium
skull
scapula
shoulder blade
sternum
anterior center of thoracic breast plate or breast bone
ribs or costae
arranged in thoracic cage
(costal, sternum
and thoracic
vertebrae)
vertebral column
vertebrae
humerus
most proximal bone of upper extremities
radius
lateral
carpal
wristbones
phalanges
distal, intermediate, and proximal
femur
longest bone in the body
tibia
medial, thicker
fibula
lateral, thinner
anterior cranial fossa
optic canals
middle cranial fossa
rotundum, ovale, and spinosum
posterior cranial fossa
jugular foramen, foramen magnum
zygomatic bone
cheek bone
ethmoid bone
intimate with many sinuses and nose area
orbit
eyes
frontal bone
anterior most
parietal bone
top of head
maxilla
medial aspect of cranium
mandible
jaw
mental foramen
many nerves come out to innovate lower jaw
glabella
center of two orbits
occipital bone
back of head
optic canal
most medial
external acoustic meatus
auditory canal
sphenoid
in between temporal and frontal
hard palate
maxilla and palatine bone issues with cleft palate
sphenoid bone
middle
condylar process
posterior
coronoid process
anterior
hyoid
in medial neck
frontal (1): forms forehead, superior part of orbitals, and most of the anterior cranial fossa; contains sinuses
parietal (2) : form most of the superior and lateral aspects of the skull
supraorbital foramina (notches): passageway for the supraorbital arteries and nerves
temporal (2): form inferolateral aspects of the skull and contribute to the middle cranial fossa; have squamous, tympanic, and petrous parts
zygomatic process: contributes to the zygomatic arch, which forms the prominence of the cheek
mandibular fossa: articular point for the condylar process of the mandible
external acoustic meatus: canal leading from the external ear to the eardrum
styloid process: attachment site for several neck and tongue muscles and for a ligament to the hyoid bone
mastoid process: attachment site for several neck muscles
stylomastoid foramen: passageway for cranial nerve VII (facial nerve)
jugular foramen: passageway for the internal jugular vein and cranial nerves IX, X, and XI
internal acoustic meatus: passageway for cranial nerves VII and VIII
carotid canal: passageway for the internal carotid artery
occipital (1) : forms posterior aspect and most of the base
foramen magnum: allows passage of the spinal cord from the brain stem to the vertebral canal
hypoglossal canals: passageway fro the hypoglossal nerve (cranial nerve XII)
occipital condyles: articulate with the atlas (first vertebra)
external occipital protuberance and nuchal lines: sites of muscle attachment
external occipital crest: attachment site of ligamentum nuchae
sphenoid (1): keystone of the cranium; contributes to the middle cranial fossa and orbits; main parts of the body, greater wings, lesser wings, and pterygoid processes
ethmoid (1): small contribution to the anterior cranial fossa; forms part of the nasal septum and the lateral walls and roof of the nasal cavity; contributes to the medial wall of the orbit
sella turcica: hypophyseal fossa portion is the seat of the pituitary gland
optic canals: passageway for cranial nerve II and the ophthalmic arteries
superior orbital fissures: passageway for cranial nerves II, IV, VI, part of V (ophthalmic division), and ophthalmic vein
foramen rotundum (2): passageway for the maxillary division of cranial nerve V
foramen ovale (2): passageway for the mandibular division of cranial nerve V
foramen spinosum (2): passageway for the middle meningeal artery
crista galli: attachment point for the falx cerebri, a dural membrane fold
cribriform plates: passageways for filaments of the olfactory nerves (cranial nerve I)
superior and middle nasal conchae: form part of lateral walls of nasal cavity; increase turbulence of air flow
nasal (2): form the bridge of the nose
lacrimal (2): form part of the medial orbit wall
zygomatic (2): form the cheek and part of the orbit
inferior nasal concha (2): form part of the lateral walls of the nasal cavity
mandible (1): the lower jaw
lacrimal fossa: houses the lacrimal sac, which helps to drain tears into the nasal cavity
coronoid processes: insertion points for the temporalis muscles
condylar processes: articulate with the temporal cones to form the jaw (temporomandibular) joints
mandibular symphysis: medical fusion point of the mandibular bones
dental alveoli: sockets for the teeth
mandibular foramina: passageway for the inferior alveolar nerves
mental foramina: passageway for the blood vessels and nerves to the chin and lower lip
maxilla (2): keystone bones of the face; form the upper jaw and parts of the hard palate, orbits, and nasal cavity walls
palatine (2): form posterior part of the hard palate and a small part of nasal cavity and orbit walls
vomer (1): inferior part of the nasal septum
auditory ossicles: (malleus, incus, and stapes) (2 each) found in middle ear cavity, involved in sound transmission (see chapter 15)
dental alveoli: sockets for teeth
zygomatic process: helps form the zygomatic arches
palatine process: forms the anterior hard palate; the two processes meet medially in the intermaxillary suture
frontal process; forms part of the lateral aspect of bridge of nose
incisive fossa and incisive canal: passageway for blood vessels and nerves through anterior hard palate (fused palatine processes)
inferior orbital fissure: passageway for maxillary branch of cranial nerve V, the zygomatic nerve, and blood vessels
infraorbital foramen: passageway for infraorbital nerve to skin of face
vertebral column
cervical 7
thoracic 12
lumbar 5
sacral 5 fused
coccyx 4 fused
spinal cord posterior to discs
scoliosis
lateral deviation
kyphosis
upper thoracic, lower cervical
lordosis
affect lumbar spine
C1
atlas; holds up cranium
C2
axis; spins on dens
sacral
completely fused except end coccyx
clavicle (collar bone)
scapula is posterior to thoracic cage
ulna medial
radius lateral
SLTPTCH
some lovers try positions that they cant handle
scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamete
scaphoid most commonly damaged from falls
most force from thumb
hamete
blood supply; necrosis
carpals, metacarpals, pip, mcp, mtp, dmp
Pectoral girdle
Clavicle (2) is in superoanterior thorax; articulates medially with sternum and laterally with scapula [acromial end; sternal end]
Scapula (2) is in posterior thorax; forms part of the shoulder; articulates with humerus and clavicle [glenoid cavity; spine; acromion; coracoid process; infraspinous,supraspinous, and subscapular fossae]
Upper limb (Arm)
Humerus (2) is sole bone of arm; between scapula and elbow [head; greater and lesser tubercles; intertubercular sulcus; radial groove; deltoid tuberosity; coronoid and olecranon fossae; epicondyles; radial fossa]
Forearm
Ulna (2) is the medial bone of the forearm between elbow and wrist; with the humerus (and radius) forms elbow joint [coronoid process; radial notch; trochlear notch; ulnar styloid process; head]
Radius (2) is the lateral bone of forearm; articulates with carpals to form part of the wrist joint [head; radial tuberosity; radial styloid process; ulnar notch]
Carpals (16) scaphoid lunate triquetrum pisiform trapezium trapezoid capitate hamate
carpals form a bony crescent at the wrist; arranged in two rows of four bones each
metacarpals (10)
metacarpals form the palm; one in line with each digit
phalanges (28) distal middle proximal
phalanges form the fingers; three in digits II-V; two in digit I (the thumb)
patella kneecap
Pelvic girdle
Each hip (coxal) bone is formed by the fusion of an ilium, and pubis; the hip bones articulate anteriorly at the pubic symphysis and form sacroilliac joints with tje sacrum posteriorly; girdle consisting of both hip bones and the sacrum in basinlike [iliac crest; anterior and posterior iliac spines; greater and lesser sciatic notches; obturator foramen; ischial tuberosity and spine; acetabulum; pubic arch; pubic crest; pubic tubercle]
Lower limb Thigh
Femur (2) is the sole bone of thigh; between hip joint and knee; largest bone of body [Head; greater and lesser trochanters; neck; lateral and medial condyles and epicondyles; gluteal tuberosity; linea aspera]
Kneecap
Patella (2) is a sesamoid bone formed within the tendon of the quadriceps (anterior thigh) muscles
Leg
Tibia (2) is the larger and more medial bone of leg; between knee and foot [medial and lateral condyles; tibial tuberosity; anterior border; medial malleolus]
Fibula (2) is the lateral bone of leg; sticklike [head; lateral malleolus]
Foot
Tarsals (14) talus, calcaneus, navicular, cuboid, lateral cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, medial cuneiform, are seven bones forming the proximal part of the foot; the talus articulates with the leg bones at the ankle joint; the calcaneus, the largest tarsal, forms the heel
Metatarsals (10) are five bones numbered I-V
Phalanges (28) distal, middle, proximal form the toes; three in digits II-V, two in digit I (the great toe)
Cruciates cross each other to create X (connect femur to tibia) (drawer test)
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) - The ligament, located in the center of the knee, that controls rotation and forward movement of the tibia (shin bone). Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) - The ligament, located in the center of the knee, that controls backward movement of the tibia (shin bone).
Base of foot or ball of foot (calcaneus)
Osteoarthritis - associated with patients that are overweight and weight bearing joints such as hips and knees (also with age) [sign of osteoarthritis is doing aspiration on the joint and find joint rice which are splinters of bones surrounded by chondrocytes]
Rheumatoid arthritis - autoimmune disease body attacks itself (attacking joints)
