Chapter 8 - Intervention Strategies Flashcards
Responsive parenting leads to…
better child outcome
Children rapidly acquire new ___, ___, ___-____ and ___ skills that are accompanied by changes in their parental needs
motor, verbal, socio-emotional and cognitive skills
Parents are expected to adjust their parental behaviours and strategies to not only comfort, but ___, ___ and ____ their child.
stimulate, direct and discipline
Being positively attuned and contingent to your child’s needs and cues has shown to…
safeguard children from undesirable outcomes
Negative parenting often results in ____ of a child’s development of autonomy and expressive and receptive language
disruptions
Negative parenting can result in increased risk for child psychopathology, adult ___, ____/___ and other chronic illnesses.
obesity, depression/ anxiety
Factors beyond the parent-child relationship influence this principal and critical interaction (between parent and child), these factors have been shown to not only sustain, but ____ non- optimal forms of parenting.
exacerbate (make worse)
These sources of influence on parenting can be classified as ___ (i.e. neighbourhood characteristics) to more ___ (i.e. marital conflict) factors.
distal, proximal
Particularly, many ___ factors such as social class, SES, and neighbourhood attributes are thought to influence and shape developmental outcomes through their effects on more proximal factors that occur in the home
distal
Hoff-Ginsberg and Tarif (1995) distinguished two key trends of the effects of SES on parent-child interactions:
- Low SES has been shown to be associated with lower parental responsivity and more authoritarian and restrictive parenting styles.
- Mothers from higher SES groups are more likely to show prolonged conversations with their children thereby eliciting more talk, resulting in higher rates of language production by 36 months of age.
More than __% of verbal IQ scores at age six, can be accounted for by maternal responsivity to infant distress as early as three months of age.
25%
Children in disadvantaged neighbourhoods are shown to be at an increased risk for emotional and behavioural problems that are over and above ___ ____. When are these problems evident?
genetic vulnerability, by age of 2
Teen pregnancy is a confounding public policy issue that has been associated with countless social issues such as ___ failure, ____ employment opportunities, sustained ___, child ___ and/or ___ and ___ and ___ health concerns; increasing societal cost.
school failure, decreased employment opportunities, sustained poverty, child abuse and/or neglect and physical and mental health concerns
Whats a problem with people having kids at a young age like in Africa?
Frontal lobe is not fully developed yet
What are some things that can happen to a baby born to a teen mom?
lower birth weight, less prenatal care, higher rates of illness and unfavourable developmental outcomes
Research has demonstrated that teen mothers experience more feelings of well-being and exhibit less emotional afflictions and distress when ___ ___ and ____ are available
social support and resources
Studies have indicated that mother-infant dyad interaction styles differ between ___ and ___-___ infants. These differences have been suggested to reflect increased stress in the preterm-mother dyad and differences in child temperament associated with ___/___ infants (i.e. babies are more irritable)
preterm and full-term
LBW/preterm
LBW infants are more likely to exhibit ____ and/or ____ disabilities during the course of their development
biological and/or psychosocial
Parenting children with special needs such as LBW/preterm babies, has been shown to be associated with ___ responsive parenting.
less
LBW babies have been shown to have poorer ____ development and problems with ____/____regulation. Can’t show appropriate ___ and ____ responses
language, emotional/behavioural regulation
social and cognitive
How do depressed mothers act?
less responsive, display less affectionate behavior and are more hostile and intrusive compared to non- depressed mothers
Depressed mother’s may fail to discern infant ___ and therefore often do not meet their infants needs.
cues
Children of mother’s who are depressed are more likely to develop ____ problems than those raised by non- depressed
psychosocial
Children of depressed mothers are usually…
Less school ready and verbal reception is also repeatedly demonstrated in children of
depressed mothers
Forehand and colleagues reported that the number of risk factors predicted adolescent difficulties in ____, regardless of risk type.
adjustment
A sharp increase in adjustment difficulties was seen when risk numbers increased from ___ to ____. This may be a “trigger point” where cumulative risk has harmful effects
three to four
Pyramid of problems with child with bad experiences
Early Death Disease, Disability and Social Problems Adoption of Health-Risk Behaviors Social, Emotional and Cognitive Impairment Adverse Childhood Experiences
Time surrounding birth (especially true following the first child) – requires the greatest change of the parents ___-____ and corresponding brain based neural circuitry
hedonic-homeostasis
Problematic parenting (harsh/inconsistent discipline, low involvement, poor supervision) are major predictors of ___ behaviour in children/adolescents
antisocial
Parental behaviours have been shown to ___ (a core mediator) a wide range of child outcomes
mediate
Nurse-Family Partnership (NFP) is grounded in theories of:
1) Human Ecology
2) Self-Efficacy
3) Human Attachment
4) Prenatal Health
5) Sensitive, Competent Care of the Child
6) Early Parental Life-Course
Human Ecology
emphasizes importance of families’ social context & individual
beliefs, emotions, motivations, and internal representation of development
Self-Efficacy
how women make decisions about their health and related behaviours during pregnancy, childcare and their own development
Human Attachment
infants are biologically predisposed to seek proximity to a specific caregiver in times of stress, fatigue, illness to promote survival.
Sensitive, Competent Care of the Child
Associated with better child behavioural regulation, language and cognition. Can provide protection from damaging effects of negative peers and stressful environments, substance abuse and externalizing. Improve physical/emotional care of children – observe signs of illness – promote parent-child interactions by facilitating understanding of child’s communicative skill – enhancing parental interest for interaction
What does each PALS session include?
1) review of experiences of the prior week & efforts for target behaviours
2) describing the target behaviours for the current visit
3) watching/discussing videotapes of mothers-infants with similar background demonstrating target behaviours 4) videotaping coached interactions btw mother-child
5) supporting mother to critique her behaviours and child’s responsiveness
6) planning integration of responsive behaviours into daily activities for upcoming week
**fidelity check at sessions 5 and 10
Larger increases in maternal sensitivity were associated with more improvement in attachment ___
security
Intervention Characteristics That are Associated with Effectiveness
broadly focused vs. specific focused
length & intensity of intervention
timing of intervention – critical periods
universal effectiveness or effectiveness based on specific at-risk populations
Substantiated maltreatment
Case has been reported, investigated and verified.
Reported maltreatment
Means that the authorities have simply been informed.
Three levels of prevention
Primary prevention - a social network of customs where everyone tries to protect every child
Secondary prevention - spotting warning signs and intervening to keep a risky situation from getting worse
Tertiary prevention - limits harm after maltreatment has occured
