Chapter 8 - Intervention Strategies

Question 1

Responsive parenting leads to…

Answer 1

better child outcome

Question 2

Children rapidly acquire new ___, ___, ___-____ and ___ skills that are accompanied by changes in their parental needs

Answer 2

motor, verbal, socio-emotional and cognitive skills

Question 3

Parents are expected to adjust their parental behaviours and strategies to not only comfort, but ___, ___ and ____ their child.

Answer 3

stimulate, direct and discipline

Question 4

Being positively attuned and contingent to your child’s needs and cues has shown to…

Answer 4

safeguard children from undesirable outcomes

Question 5

Negative parenting often results in ____ of a child’s development of autonomy and expressive and receptive language

Answer 5

disruptions

Question 6

Negative parenting can result in increased risk for child psychopathology, adult ___, ____/___ and other chronic illnesses.

Answer 6

obesity, depression/ anxiety

Question 7

Factors beyond the parent-child relationship influence this principal and critical interaction (between parent and child), these factors have been shown to not only sustain, but ____ non- optimal forms of parenting.

Answer 7

exacerbate (make worse)

Question 8

These sources of influence on parenting can be classified as ___ (i.e. neighbourhood characteristics) to more ___ (i.e. marital conflict) factors.

Answer 8

distal, proximal

Question 9

Particularly, many ___ factors such as social class, SES, and neighbourhood attributes are thought to influence and shape developmental outcomes through their effects on more proximal factors that occur in the home

Answer 9

distal

Question 10

Hoff-Ginsberg and Tarif (1995) distinguished two key trends of the effects of SES on parent-child interactions:

Answer 10

1. Low SES has been shown to be associated with lower parental responsivity and more authoritarian and restrictive parenting styles.
2. Mothers from higher SES groups are more likely to show prolonged conversations with their children thereby eliciting more talk, resulting in higher rates of language production by 36 months of age.

Question 11

More than __% of verbal IQ scores at age six, can be accounted for by maternal responsivity to infant distress as early as three months of age.

Answer 11

25%

Question 12

Children in disadvantaged neighbourhoods are shown to be at an increased risk for emotional and behavioural problems that are over and above ___ ____. When are these problems evident?

Answer 12

genetic vulnerability, by age of 2

Question 13

Teen pregnancy is a confounding public policy issue that has been associated with countless social issues such as ___ failure, ____ employment opportunities, sustained ___, child ___ and/or ___ and ___ and ___ health concerns; increasing societal cost.

Answer 13

school failure, decreased employment opportunities, sustained poverty, child abuse and/or neglect and physical and mental health concerns

Question 14

Whats a problem with people having kids at a young age like in Africa?

Answer 14

Frontal lobe is not fully developed yet

Question 15

What are some things that can happen to a baby born to a teen mom?

Answer 15

lower birth weight, less prenatal care, higher rates of illness and unfavourable developmental outcomes

Question 16

Research has demonstrated that teen mothers experience more feelings of well-being and exhibit less emotional afflictions and distress when ___ ___ and ____ are available

Answer 16

social support and resources

Question 17

Studies have indicated that mother-infant dyad interaction styles differ between ___ and ___-___ infants. These differences have been suggested to reflect increased stress in the preterm-mother dyad and differences in child temperament associated with ___/___ infants (i.e. babies are more irritable)

Answer 17

preterm and full-term

LBW/preterm

Question 18

LBW infants are more likely to exhibit ____ and/or ____ disabilities during the course of their development

Answer 18

biological and/or psychosocial

Question 19

Parenting children with special needs such as LBW/preterm babies, has been shown to be associated with ___ responsive parenting.

Answer 19

less

Question 20

LBW babies have been shown to have poorer ____ development and problems with ____/____regulation. Can’t show appropriate ___ and ____ responses

Answer 20

language, emotional/behavioural regulation

social and cognitive

Question 21

How do depressed mothers act?

Answer 21

less responsive, display less affectionate behavior and are more hostile and intrusive compared to non- depressed mothers

Question 22

Depressed mother’s may fail to discern infant ___ and therefore often do not meet their infants needs.

Answer 22

cues

Question 23

Children of mother’s who are depressed are more likely to develop ____ problems than those raised by non- depressed

Answer 23

psychosocial

Question 24

Children of depressed mothers are usually…

Answer 24

Less school ready and verbal reception is also repeatedly demonstrated in children of
depressed mothers

Question 25

Forehand and colleagues reported that the number of risk factors predicted adolescent difficulties in ____, regardless of risk type.

Answer 25

adjustment

Question 26

A sharp increase in adjustment difficulties was seen when risk numbers increased from ___ to ____. This may be a “trigger point” where cumulative risk has harmful effects

Answer 26

three to four

Question 27

Pyramid of problems with child with bad experiences

Answer 27

Early Death
Disease, Disability and Social Problems
Adoption of Health-Risk Behaviors
Social, Emotional and Cognitive Impairment
Adverse Childhood Experiences

Question 28

Time surrounding birth (especially true following the first child) – requires the greatest change of the parents ___-____ and corresponding brain based neural circuitry

Answer 28

hedonic-homeostasis

Question 29

Problematic parenting (harsh/inconsistent discipline, low involvement, poor supervision) are major predictors of ___ behaviour in children/adolescents

Answer 29

antisocial

Question 30

Parental behaviours have been shown to ___ (a core mediator) a wide range of child outcomes

Answer 30

mediate

Question 31

Nurse-Family Partnership (NFP) is grounded in theories of:

Answer 31

1) Human Ecology
2) Self-Efficacy
3) Human Attachment
4) Prenatal Health
5) Sensitive, Competent Care of the Child
6) Early Parental Life-Course

Question 32

Human Ecology

Answer 32

emphasizes importance of families’ social context & individual
beliefs, emotions, motivations, and internal representation of development

Question 33

Self-Efficacy

Answer 33

how women make decisions about their health and related behaviours during pregnancy, childcare and their own development

Question 34

Human Attachment

Answer 34

infants are biologically predisposed to seek proximity to a specific caregiver in times of stress, fatigue, illness to promote survival.

Question 35

Sensitive, Competent Care of the Child

Answer 35

Associated with better child behavioural regulation, language and cognition. Can provide protection from damaging effects of negative peers and stressful environments, substance abuse and externalizing. Improve physical/emotional care of children – observe signs of illness – promote parent-child interactions by facilitating understanding of child’s communicative skill – enhancing parental interest for interaction

Question 36

What does each PALS session include?

Answer 36

1) review of experiences of the prior week & efforts for target behaviours
2) describing the target behaviours for the current visit
3) watching/discussing videotapes of mothers-infants with similar background demonstrating target behaviours 4) videotaping coached interactions btw mother-child
5) supporting mother to critique her behaviours and child’s responsiveness
6) planning integration of responsive behaviours into daily activities for upcoming week

**fidelity check at sessions 5 and 10

Question 37

Larger increases in maternal sensitivity were associated with more improvement in attachment ___

Answer 37

security

Question 38

Intervention Characteristics That are Associated with Effectiveness

Answer 38

broadly focused vs. specific focused
length & intensity of intervention
timing of intervention – critical periods
universal effectiveness or effectiveness based on specific at-risk populations

Question 39

Substantiated maltreatment

Answer 39

Case has been reported, investigated and verified.

Question 40

Reported maltreatment

Answer 40

Means that the authorities have simply been informed.

Question 41

Three levels of prevention

Answer 41

Primary prevention - a social network of customs where everyone tries to protect every child
Secondary prevention - spotting warning signs and intervening to keep a risky situation from getting worse
Tertiary prevention - limits harm after maltreatment has occured