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Introduction To Development Test 1 > Chapter 5 - First Two Years Biosocial > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - First Two Years Biosocial Flashcards

1
Q

Multilevel framework means we can…

A

look at many levels

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2
Q

Two main division of the NS

A

1) Central NS: consist of the brain and spinal
cord
2) Peripheral NS: all parts of the NS that are
outside the body skill and spinal column

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3
Q

Central NS

A

consist of the brain and spinal

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4
Q

Peripheral NS

A

all parts of the NS that are outside the body skill and spinal column (somatic NS and autonomic NS)

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5
Q

What are the peripheral NS’s 2 components?

A

1) Somatic Nervous System: Part of the NS that interacts with the environment
• Afferent: Carry sensory signals from body to CNS
• Efferent: Carry motor signals from CNS to body
2) The Autonomic NS: influences the function of internal organs

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6
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Part of the NS that interacts with the environment

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7
Q

Afferent (Somatic Nervous System)

A

Carry sensory signals from body to CNS

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8
Q

Efferent (Somatic Nervous System)

A

Carry motor signals from CNS to body

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9
Q

The Autonomic NS

A

influences the function of internal organs

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10
Q

Cerebral Hemispheres

A

The right and left halves of the brain

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11
Q

Gyrus

A

A ridged or raised portion of the cerebral cortex

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12
Q

Sulcus

A

A furrow (narrow groove) of the cerebral cortex

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13
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

The outer covering of the cerebral hemispheres which consists largely of nerve cell bodies and their branches

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14
Q

White Matter

A

A component of the central nervous system and under the cortex, consists mostly of myelinated axons

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15
Q

Gray Matter

A

Areas of brain that are mostly cell bodies and have no myelin

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16
Q

What lobe is most susceptible to damage?

A

Frontal lobe

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17
Q

Cerebellum

A

A part of the brain at the back of the skull in vertebrates that is responsible for moving and timing

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18
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Located below the thalamus and above the brian stem, responsible for motivation i.e. sex eating sleeping drugs

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19
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Bundle of neural fibres below cortex, main system that allows hemispheres to communicate

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20
Q

Corpus Callosotomy

A

a surgical procedure to control generalized seizures by cutting the corpus callosum

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21
Q

Why are teens so bad at making good decisions and think bad stuff is cool?

A

Their frontal lobe develops last, so their self regulation, problem solving, goal setting and social cognition are not quite developed yet

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22
Q

What is the frontal lobe responsible for?

A

self regulation, problem solving, goal setting and social cognition

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23
Q

What is the parietal lobe responsible for?

A

sensory motor perception and spatial abilities

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24
Q

What is the occipital lobe responsible for?

A

vision and perception

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25
Q

What is the temporal lobe responsible for?

A

hearing, language, memory and social emotional function

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26
Q

What grows the fastest? Brain weight, height or weight?

A

Brain weight

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27
Q

Brain growth chart

A 
20 weeks gestation - 100 grams
Birth - 400 grams
18 month - 800 grams
3 years - 1100 grams
Adult - 1300-1400 grams
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28
Q

The brain can add up to ___ to ___ new neurons per minute

A

250,000 – 500,000

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29
Q

Neuron

A

A nerve cell of the central nervous system. Most neurons are in the brain

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30
Q

How many neuron connections does an infant have by age 3?

A

~1000 trillion connections

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31
Q

Dendrites

A

the branched projections of a neuron that are the input zone for receiving information from other neurons

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32
Q

Dendritic Spines

A

outgrowth from a dendrite that increases the dendrites surface area and is the usual point of contact

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33
Q

Soma

A

cell body, contains cell nucleus. May receive synaptic connections

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34
Q

Axon

A

a single extension leads away from the soma and transmits electrical signals away from the cell body

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35
Q

Axon Terminals

A

swelling at the end of axons (looks like a club) by which axons make synaptic contacts

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36
Q

What do neurons do?

A

Neurons collect signals from several sources, integrate and transform information, and distributes information to other cells

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37
Q

Four Structural Divisions of the nervous system?

A

Input Zone
Integration Zone
Conducting Zone
Output Zone

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38
Q

Input Zone

A

The part of a neuron that receives information, from other neurons or from specialized sensory structures. Usually corresponds to the cell’s dendrites

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39
Q

Integration Zone

A

The part of the neuron that initiates nerve electrical activity. Usually corresponds to axon hillock (there isn’t only just one neuron that fires or doesn’t, it’s all integrated)

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40
Q

Conducting Zone

A

The part of the neuron over which the nerve’s electrical signal may be actively propagated. Usually corresponds to cell’s axon

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41
Q

Output Zone

A

The part of the neuron, usually corresponding to the axon terminals, at which the cell sends information to another cell

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42
Q

Types of neuron shapes?

A

Bipolar
Multipolar
Unipolar

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43
Q

3 Types of Neurons in the CNS

A

Sensory: to bring information to the brain (somatosensory)
Interneurons: to associate sensory and motor activity
Motor: to carry information out of the brain and spinal cord to the body’s muscles

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44
Q

How Does the Developing Brain Become Aware, Learn, Think,?

A

-Overproduction of neurons and neuronal connections
-Selective reduction of neurons and connections
-Periods of intense branching and connecting followed by reduction in neurons


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45
Q

Synaptic Pruning

A

process of synapse elimination that occurs between early childhood and the onset of puberty

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46
Q

Why is synaptic pruning useful?

A

Because it narrows your axons to your specific environment, there is no clutter.

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47
Q

Anatomical studies of brain development show

A
  • White mater increases from child- to adulthood

- Grey mater increases over the first 8 years of life then decreases and thins with development

48
Q

Are there regional differences in white matte development?

A

No

49
Q

Regional differences in grey mater:

A

– Primary sensory/motor areas develop first
– Frontal and superior temporal develop last
* Frontal lobes continue until adolescence

50
Q

Genes form neurons, connections among major brain regions and then the environment…

A

refines the connections; enhancing some connections while eliminating others

51
Q

Brain development is ___ dependent

A

activity/experience

52
Q

Neural circuits used over and over strengthen, those that are not used are dropped resulting in?

A

Synaptic pruning

53
Q

Transient Exuberance

A

The great increase in the number of neurons, dendrites, and synapses that occurs in an infant’s brain over the first two years of life

54
Q

Two types of experience-related aspects of brain development:

A

1) Experience-Expectant:Refers to brain function that require basic common experiences (which infant is expected to have) in order to grow. These experiences MUST happen for normal brain maturation to occur and they almost always happen. The brain expects them and uses them for growth. i.e. blindfolding someone so their vision doesn’t develop
2) Experience-Dependent: Refers to brain functions that depend on particular, and variable, experiences in order to grow. These MIGHT happen. If they do happen, one brain will differ from another. i.e. extreme neglect resulting in language, it can still be learned later but not really that much

55
Q

Experience dependent synapse formation happens in what order?

A 
Sensory pathways (vision/hearing)
Language
Higher cognitive function
56
Q

What happened with the child without reading difficulties and the child with?

A

Language area was lit up for normal reader while child with reading difficulties had other parts of the brain lighting up. After specialized reading instruction, the child with reading difficulties was more similar to the child with no reading difficulties

57
Q

Infants don’t ___ on anything in particular

A

focus

58
Q

Till about age one ___ is the primary way humans learn about objects

A

taste

59
Q

Sensation

A

The response of a sensory system when it detects a stimulus

60
Q

Perception

A

The mental processing of sensory information

61
Q

Hearing

A
  • Hearing is acute at birth
  • Certain sounds trigger reflexes
  • Sudden noises startle newborns
  • Rhythmic sounds sooth them and put them to sleep
  • The first days of life infants turn their heads towards sound
  • They soon connect sight and sound with accuracy
62
Q

Seeing

A

• At birth vision is the least mature
• The infant eyes are sensitive to bright light even though
the eyes open in mid-pregnancy
• Newborns are “legally blind” they can only see objects
4” – 30” away (distance from nipple to eyes)

63
Q

Over time infants become responsive to whose touch it is and what it communicates

A

true

64
Q

Early sensation seems to have two goals:

A

• Social interaction
– To respond to familiar caregivers
• Comfort
– To be soothed amid the disturbances of infant life (crapped pants, hungry, want to turn but cant)

65
Q

Reflex

A

A reflex is an involuntary response to a particular stimulus. Almost always occurs in reaction to a particular stimulus. Newborns have many reflexes, some of which disappear with maturation

66
Q

Infants have dozens of reflexes, what 3 sets are critical for survival?

A

» that maintain oxygen supply
» that maintain constant body temperature
» that manage feeding

67
Q

Motor Skill

A

the learned ability to move some part of the body, from a large leap to a flicker of the eyelid (motor refers to movement of muscles; the abilities needed to move and control the body)

68
Q

Gross Motor Skills

A

physical abilities involving large body movements (gross meaning “big”) i.e. walking or jumping

69
Q

Walking progress

A
  • from reflexive,
  • to hesitant
  • to adult-supported stepping
  • to a smooth coordinated gait (pattern of movement of the limbs)
70
Q

What are the three factors combine to allow toddlers to walk?

A

– muscle strength
– brain maturation within the motor cortex
– practices

71
Q

Fine Motor Skills

A

physical abilities involving small body movements, especially of the hands and fingers (fine in this text means “small”) i.e. drawing or picking up a coin

72
Q

Ethnic Variation

A
  • healthy infants develop skills in the same sequence

* they vary in the age at which they acquire them

73
Q

Walking, when grouped by ethnicity:

A
  • Generally African American are ahead of Hispanic Americans
  • Hispanic American are ahead of European American
  • Internationally the earliest walkers are in Uganda
  • The latest walkers are in France
74
Q

Genes are a ___ part of most ethnic differences

A

small

75
Q

Cultural patterns of child rearing can affect…

A

sensation, perception, and motor skills

76
Q

Milestones of Physical Development Gross and Fine Body Movement
1-3 months

A
  • wiggle arms and legs; try to lift head while on stomach
  • propel backwards while on stomach
  • Grasp reflex
  • Prefer patterns, curved lines, human faces – especially mom’s right after birth
77
Q

Favorite color of toddlers?

A

red, black and white

78
Q

Milestones of Physical Development Gross and Fine Body Movement
3-4 Months

A
  • Coordinate limb movement

- Precise grasping (palmer) (grasping feet and toys etc.)

79
Q

Milestones of Physical Development Gross and Fine Body Movement
6 Months

A
  • Move in a particular direction
  • Sit without support
  • Visual depth perception of infants is similar to adults
  • Visual Cliff Experiment (Gibson and Walk, 1960)
    –> Increase heart rate at 2-3 months
80
Q

Milestones of Physical Development Gross and Fine Body Movement
7 Months

A
  • Stand with support

- Hand preference first appears

81
Q

Milestones of Physical Development Gross and Fine Body Movement
8-10 Months

A
  • Crawling
  • Pincer Grasp (grasp using thumb and forefinger)
  • Distinguish faces of different humans
82
Q

Milestones of Physical Development Gross and Fine Body Movement
11 Months

A
  • Standing alone

- Pincer grasp (grasp using thumb and forefinger) perfected, can pick up small objects like marbles

83
Q

Milestones of Physical Development Gross and Fine Body Movement
12 Months

A
  • Walking alone
84
Q

Milestones of Physical Development Gross and Fine Body Movement
14 Months

A
  • Able to lift and stack large items (e.g. building two cube tower)
  • Binocularvisionfullydeveloped
85
Q

Milestones of Physical Development Gross and Fine Body Movement
16 Months

A
  • Walking up the steps (one foot at a time)

- Drawing

86
Q

Milestones of Physical Development Gross and Fine Body Movement
24 Months

A
  • Jumping in place

- Hold a cup and drink without spilling

87
Q

_ billion children were born between 1950 – 2005

_ billion died before age 5

A

8, 2.

88
Q

Baby deaths could be twice this if not for:

A

– Child care
– Preventive care – immunization – Clean water
– Adequate nutrition
– Medial treatment, etc.

89
Q

Immunization

A

A process that stimulates the body’s immune system to defend against attack by a particular contagious disease (immunization acquired either naturally, by having the disease or though vaccination)

90
Q

immunization successes

A

– Smallpox
– Polio
– Measles

91
Q

problem with immunization

A

parents are concern about side effects of vaccinations

92
Q

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

A
  • die unexpectedly in their sleep
  • No apparent cause of death
  • 1990 in the U.S., 5000 babies died of SIDS, 1 in 800
93
Q

What connection is there between breast feeding and sleep?

A

Breast fed babies don’t get as deep of a sleep

94
Q

What affects sids? How?

A

Culture, co sleeping and such

95
Q

Colostrum

A

a thick, high-calorie fluid secreted by the woman’s breast at the birth of a child - antibodies.

96
Q

About _ days later the breast begins to produce milk

A

3

97
Q

Breast fed babies are __ likely to get sick

A

less

98
Q

protein-calorie malnutrition

A

a condition in which a person does not consume sufficient food of any kind

99
Q

What can protein-calorie malnutrition result in?

A

everal illnesses, severe weight loss, and sometimes death

100
Q

Head-Sparing

A

brain continues to develop even though body stops because of malnutrition

101
Q

to measure a child’s nutritional status, we…

A

compare weight and height with the

“norms”

102
Q

Percentile

A

point on a ranking scale 1-99

103
Q

Under-nutrition contributes to nearly half of all deaths in children under 5 and is widespread in ___ and ___

A

Asia and Africa

104
Q

Malnutrition Infants suffer in 3 main ways:

A

1) Brain does not have enough nutrition to normally develop
2) They have no body reserves to protect them against disease. Child disease therefore will be much more lethal
3) Two serious conditions may result:
a) Marasmus
b) Kwashiorkor

105
Q

Marasmus

A

severe protein malnutrition, which growth stops,

tissues waste, eventual death

106
Q

Kwashiorkor

A

protein deficiency results in face, legs and abdominal bloating – child more vulnerable to disease

107
Q

Beginning early in the first year, sensitive parenting is associated with:

A

improved child socio-emotional development, mental health, and language

108
Q

Neglect and Brain Development

A

• Limited exposure to language, touch or social interactions
• Emotional or cognitive neglect
• Early life stress
• Structural Changes
–> Lack of brain growth beyond effects of poor nutrition
–> Neuronal death beyond 􏰀pruning􏰁
–> Decreased dentritic arborization, number of spines and reduced synapses, reduced white mater.

109
Q

How would a neuron damaged by toxic stress look like? Where does this take place?

A

It has fewer connections

Prefrontal cortex and hippocampus

110
Q

Smell and taste at present at ___ and right away begin ____ to the world.

A

Birth, adapting

111
Q

Hearing develops in the _____ trimester of pregnancy

A

last

112
Q

Do babies have mature or immature vision at birth?

A

Immature, legally blind

113
Q

When does a baby get binocular vision?

A

2-4 months

114
Q

Myelin

A

Myelin is a fatty white substance that surrounds the axon of some nerve cells, forming an insulating layer, increasing the speed at which impulses are conducted.

115
Q

Concepts and categories develop in infant’s brains by _ months or earlier.

A

6

Introduction To Development Test 1 (14 decks)

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