Chapter 8 Infectious Diseases in humans

Question 1

how are infectious diseases spread through droplets in air?

Answer 1

when someone cough, tiny respiratory droplets are expelled which contain pathogens.
others in 1m range might breathe in the droplet and become infected

Question 2

how are infectious diseases spread by direct contact?

Answer 2

exchanging of body fluids
breastfeeding

Question 3

infectious diseases spread by blood

Answer 3

contact with:
1. mucous membrane
2. bloodstream by a break in the skin

Question 4

how to prevent spread of infectious diseases by contamination?

Answer 4

1. practicing hygienic food preparation
2. good personal hygiene
3. maintain clean water supply
4. proper sewage treatment

Question 5

How is influenza transmitted?

Answer 5

1. through droplets in the air
2. when a person touches surface with virus and then touch their mouth, nose, eyes

Question 6

what are symptoms of influenza?

Answer 6

HH SS CM
high fever, headache
stuffy nose, sore throat
cough and muscle ache

Question 7

what are methods to reduce transmission of influenza VACWAD

Answer 7

VACWAD
1. influenza vaccination
2. avoid close contact with infected
3. cover nose and mouth with tissue when sick
4. wash hands with soap and water
5. avoid touching eyes nose mouth
6. take anti viral drugs

Question 8

what can pneumococcal disease lead to? PLBBS

Answer 8

serious infections of the lungs,blood, brain and spinal cord

Question 9

how is pneumococcal disease transmitted

Answer 9

through respiratory droplets

Question 10

what are methods to reduce transmission of pneumococcal disease

Answer 10

1. get the vaccination
2. take daily preventive actions
3. take antibiotics -> treating bacterial infections

Question 11

What is a vaccine?

Answer 11

It contains an agent that resembles a pathogen -> prevents infectious diseases by stimulating white blood cells to quickly produce antibodies

Question 12

how do vaccines work ?

Answer 12

1. white blood cells bind to agent (pathogen)
   2.stimulate white blood cells to produce antibodies
2. antibodies destroy the agent in the vaccine

Question 13

what are antibiotics

Answer 13

-drugs used to treat bacterial infections.
-made by microorganisms and used to kill the growth of bacteria

Question 14

how do antibiotics work? cell wall

Answer 14

weakens the bacterias cell wall (plant cell) –> allow water to enter by osmosis -> cause it to swell and burst

Question 15

how do antibiotics work? enzymes

Answer 15

inhibit enzymes which stops the growth of bacteria

Question 16

how do antibiotics work? ribosomes

Answer 16

it prevents ribosomes from making protein and enzymes, killing the bacteria

Question 17

how do antibiotics work? cell membrane

Answer 17

break up cell membrane-> substance is able to move in

Question 18

why does antibiotics work on bacteria but not on viruses?

Answer 18

virus do not have cell wall, cell membrane and no ribosomes and hence do not grow

Question 19

how does antibiotic resistance come about?

Answer 19

if the prescribed course of antibiotic is not completed, the less sensitive bacterial cell with multiply and become resistant to the antibiotic

Question 20

how can antibiotic resistance be reduced?

Answer 20

1. not misusing or overusing them
2. completing the full course
3. using antibiotics only when necessary