Chapter 7 Respiration Flashcards
What is aerobic respiration?
the release of energy by the breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen
How much energy is released in aerobic respiration?
Large amount
What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?
glucose + oxygen –> carbon dioxide+ water
What is anaerobic respiration?
the breakdown of glucose in the absence of oxygen
Why does anaerobic respiration occur during vigorous activity?
aerobic respiration is unable to release energy fast enough to meet the demand as muscular contractions are vigorous.
What happens if muscular contractions continue to be vigorous?
energy demand increases
what’s the difference in energy released for aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
aerobic respiration releases a large amount of energy while anaerobic releases a small amount of energy
what’s the word equation for anaerobic respiration?
glucose—> lactic acid
What is oxygen debt?
The amount of oxygen required to remove lactic acid
Why does oxygen debt happen?
There is insufficient oxygen to meet the demands of the vigorous muscular contractions
how can lactic acid be removed after?
- continuation of fast heart rate
- continuation of deeper and faster breathing
how does continuation of fast heart rate remove lactic acid?
It results in a fast transport of
1. lactic acid from the muscles to the liver (lml)
2. oxygen from the lungs to liver (oll)
how does continuation of deeper and faster breathing remove lactic acid?
- fast intake of oxygen by the lungs
- to obtain oxygen for supply to liver
What is gas exchange?
the exchange of gases between organism and environment
whats the order of human gas exchange system?
NPLTBBA(national parks land trust…)
Nasal passages
Pharynx
Larynx
Tranches
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
what is the adaptation of lungs for efficient gas exchange?
- numerous alveoli –> provides a large surface area to volume ratio
- one cell thick alveolus wall –> provide short diffusion distance, ensure higher rate of diffusion
- thin film of moisture on the inner wall of alveolus –> allow oxygen to dissolve in it
- walls of alveoli are richly supplied with blood capillaries –> maintains concentration gradient of gases
how does gas exchange occur in alveoli?
1.oxygen dissolves into the thin film of moisture
2. diffuses through the wall of alveolus and wall of blood capillary
3. carbon dioxide diffuses into the alveolar cavity from the blood
what happens in the lungs when oxygen concentration is high?
oxygen + haemoglobin –> oxyhemoglobin
what happens if oxygen concentration is low?
oxyhemoglobin will release oxygen ( the opposite of when oxygen is high)
effects of nicotine?
RBPCA
(addictive)
1. increases heart rate and blood pressure
2. increases blood clots –> increases risk of coronary heart disease
3. increases risk of arteries to narrow
effects of carbon monoxide?
reduces ability of blood to transport oxygen –> carbon monoxide bind together with haemoglobin, less haemoglobin
effects of tar?
1.increases risk of cancer –> causes uncontrolled cell division
2. increased risk of chronic bronchitis and emphysema (TCBE) –> it paralyses the cilia
how does smoke cause chronic bronchitis?
exposure to irritant particles:
1. bronchi becomes inflamed
2.exccessive mucus is secreted
3.cilia is paralysed -> mucus and dust cannot be removed
4. air passages become blocked
5. persistent coughing to clear air passages to breathe -> lead to lung infections
how does smoke lead to emphysema?
persistent coughing:
1. partition walls between the alveoli break down
2. decreases surface area for gaseous exchange
3. lungs loses elasticity and become inflated with air
4. wheezing and severe breathlessness
