Chapter 8- Global health and human development

Question 1

What is a developed country?

Answer 1

A country that has progressed adequately with regard to economic, mortality and demographic indicators

Question 2

What is a developing country?

Answer 2

A country that has not progressed adequately with regard to economic, demographic and mortality indicators

Question 3

What is the UN’s definition/outlook on what a developed country is?

Answer 3

‘A developed country is one that allows all its citizens to enjoy a free and healthy life in a safe environment’

Question 4

What are the economic characteristics of a developed country?

Answer 4

• Wide range of industries
• Many opportunities for global trade
• High average incomes
• Low international debt

Question 5

How can we measure income in a country?

Answer 5

We can use indicators such as Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Gross National Income (GNI), as they provide a way of looking at the total income of a country as opposed to the incomes of individuals.

Question 6

What are the social characteristics of a developed country?

Answer 6

• Gender equality
• Low birth rates
• High levels of employment
• High levels of education
• Social security systems
• Developed health systems
• Access to technology
• Developed legal systems
• No history of colonisation

Question 7

What are the Environmental characteristics of a developed country?

Answer 7

• Safe water and sanitation
• Access to food
• Adequate housing
• Adequate infrastructure

Question 8

What is the mortality strata?

Answer 8

The mortality strata was created by the World Health Organisation (WHO) to classify countries and separate them into a list of 5 stratum from A-E, based on the mortality rates of men aged 15-59, and U5MR

Question 9

What are the 5 mortality stratum, what mortality rates do they have and what are 2 examples of countries within each strata.

Answer 9

Stratum U5MR Male MR Country
A Very low Very low Australia, USA
B Low Low China, Mexico
C Low High Russia, Ukraine
D High High Iraq, Peru
E High Very high Ethiopia, Kenya

Question 10

What is the definition of Human development?

Answer 10

Creating an environment in which people can develop to their full potential and lead productive, creative lives according to their needs and interests. Its about expanding people’s choices and enhancing capabilities, having access to knowledge, health and a decent standard of living, and participating in the life of their community and decisions affecting their lives.

Question 11

What capabilities and freedoms do people need to build in order to improve human development?

Answer 11

-Lead long and healthy lives
-Have access to knowledge
-Have access to the resources needed for a decent standard of living (eg housing, water ect)
-Participate in the life of the community
-Participate in the decisions that affect their lives.
It is important they are sustained/maintained in the long term

Question 12

What is the human development index?

Answer 12

The human development index is a tool developed by the United Nations to measure and rank countries’ levels of social and economic development. It provides a single statistic based on three dimensions- health, education and living standards- and four indicators- LE at birth, mean years of schooling, expected years of schooling and GNI per capita

Question 13

What are the 4 indicators of the human development index? explain each one.

Answer 13

• Life expectancy at birth: An indication of how long a person can expect to live, it is the number of years of life remaining to a person at birth if death rates do not change.
• Mean years of schooling: The average number of years of education achieved by those aged 25 years and over
• Expected years of schooling: The number of years of education expected for a child of school entrance age
• GNI per capita: The overall income of a country after expenses owing to other countries have been paid, divided by the population of the country.

Question 14

In 2014 how did the Human Development Report classify countries?

Answer 14

It divides them into four quartiles:
-Very high human development
-High human development
-Medium human development
-Low human development
Those in the 'very high human development' are considered developed countries. The other 3 lower quartiles are considered developing countries.

Question 15

What is globalisation?

Answer 15

The process whereby boundaries between countries are reduced or eliminated allowing individuals, groups and companies to act on a global scale. It can be described as transforming the different societies of the world into one global society. A reduction in barriers to trade, communication and transport contributes to this process.

Question 16

What is sustainability?

Answer 16

Sustainability is defined as ‘meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs’

Question 17

What is Economic sustainability?

Answer 17

-Economic sustainability: dimension relates to the capacity of future generations to earn an income and the efficient use of resources to allow economic growth over time. Developing countries often experience low levels of economic sustainability.

Question 18

What is Social sustainability?

Answer 18

Social sustainability: dimension relates to future generations having the same or improved access to social resources such as human rights, political stability and education. Developing countries often have low levels of social sustainability

Question 19

What is Environmental sustainability?

Answer 19

Environmental sustainability: dimension relates to ensuring the natural environment is utilized in a way that will preserve resources into the future. Human activities should use natural resources only

Question 20

What are the 3 Elements of sustainable programs?

Answer 20

• Appropriateness
• Affordability
• Equity

Question 21

What is appropriateness in relation to sustainable programs? also list three key features/elements of appropriateness

Answer 21

Appropriateness means that the implemented program addresses the specific needs of a targeted community or population. Key feature: -involve the people
-focus on education, -Focus on involving and educating women

Question 22

What is affordability in relation to sustainable programs? also list three key features/elements of affordability

Answer 22

Affordability is ensuring that programs must take into consideration the fact that people living in poverty do not have the money to access programs and resources in a user-pays system.

Question 23

What is Equity in relation to sustainable programs? also list three key features/elements of equity

Answer 23

Equity is about ensuring everyone has equal opportunity and ability to access the program, especially those in many restricted groups such as women, people with disabilities, those living in remote locations and those who live in extreme poverty.
Key features: - providing education for vulnerable groups, - developing programs in urban slums and in rural and remote areas, -ensuring health care is provided based on clinical need as opposed to the ability to pay

Question 24

Define Under 5 mortality rate (U5MR)

Answer 24

The number of deaths of children under five years of age per 1000 live births

Question 25

Define Infant mortality rate (IMR)

Answer 25

the number of deaths of children less than one year of age per 1000 live births. The rate for a given region is the number of children dying under one year of age, divided by the number of live births during the year, multiplied by 1,000