Chapter 6- Health Care In Australia

Question 1

What is the biomedical model of health ?

Answer 1

Also known as the ‘band aid’ approach, focuses on the physical or biological aspects of disease and illness. It involves trying to diagnose, treat and cure illnesses and conditions once symptoms are present.

Question 2

What is the social model of health?

Answer 2

It is an approach to health that attempts to address the broader influences on health (social, cultural, environmental and economic factors) rather than disease and injury itself.

Question 3

What are the 5 principles of the social model of health ?

Answer 3

-Addresses the broader determinants of health. -Acts to reduce social inequities. -Empowers individuals and communities. -Acts to enable access to health care. -Involved intersectoral collaboration.

Question 4

What does the principle of ‘Addresses the broader determinants of health, refer to.

Answer 4

Looking to address broader determinants such as gender, culture, race, or ethnicity, SES, geographical location and the physical environment.

Question 5

What does the principle ‘involves intersectoral collaboration’ refer to?

Answer 5

Refers to the involvement of all interested and concerned groups to assist in addressing the social and physical environment determinants on health

Question 6

What does the principle ‘Acts to reduce social inequities’ refer to ?

Answer 6

Looks at helping to reduce the disadvantages of gender, culture, race, SES, access to health care, social exclusion and physical environment

Question 7

What does the principle ‘Acts to enable access to health care’ refer to ?

Answer 7

Acts to reduce social and environmental factors such as cultural and language barriers, economic and geographical factors, and education levels.

Question 8

What does the principle ‘Empowers individuals and communities’ refer to ?

Answer 8

Acts to give power to individuals and communities to increase participation and allow them to feel a sense of power and control over their situation

Question 9

What principles of the social model of health does the ‘Closing the gap’ program support?

Answer 9

The indigenous campaign involves: intersectoral collaboration between the federal and state governments. Reduces social inequities of race and culture. And addresses the broader determinants of race and ethnicity.

Question 10

What principles of the social model of health does the Rural Retention Program (RRP) use ?

Answer 10

Empowers individuals by having more access to doctors. Enables access to health care by bringing more doctors out to rural areas where people often have trouble finding medical help. Addresses broader determinants of geographical location.

Question 11

List 2 advantages and disadvantages of the social model of health

Answer 11

Advantages
Assists in preventing disease. Relatively inexpensive.
Disadvantages
Not every condition can be prevented. Doesn’t promote the development of technology

Question 12

List 5 prerequisites for health promotion (Ottawa charter)

Answer 12

• peace
• education
• income
• food
• shelter

Question 13

What are the 3 strategies for health promotion ?

Answer 13

• Advocate
• Enable
• Mediate

Question 14

What does the strategy ‘Advocate’ involve ?

Answer 14

Refers to actions that seek to gain support from governments and societies in general to make the changes necessary to Improve the determinants of health for everyone eh media campaigns, public speaking, research of public opinion ect

Question 15

What does the ‘Enable’ strategy of health promotion involve ?

Answer 15

When health promotion aims to reduce differences in health status between population groups by ensuring equal opportunities and resources are available to enable all people to achieve optimal health. (Ensuring access to facilities/food ect)

Question 16

What does the ‘Mediate’ strategy for health promotion involve ?

Answer 16

Relates to helping groups (those affected by health related changes, e.g changes to funding, policies ect) resolve conflicts caused by such changes and produce outcomes that promote health

Question 17

What are the 5 action areas of the Ottawa charter ?

Answer 17

• Build a healthy public policy
• create supportive environments
• strengthen community action
• Develop personal skills
• Reorient health services

Question 18

What does ‘build a healthy public policy’ relate to?

Answer 18

Relates directly to the decisions made by government and organisations in relation to laws and policies that affect health eg. Increasing tax on alcohol, seat-belts in cars, no smoking near schools ect

Question 19

What does ‘create supportive environments’ refer to ?

Answer 19

Refers to making environments that promote health by helping people practise healthy behaviours. E.g shaded areas in schools, no smoke zones, speed limits ect

Question 20

What does ‘strengthen community action’ refer to ?

Answer 20

Refers to the focus on building links between individuals and the community and centres around the community working together to achieve a common goal. E.g governments immunisation strat, involves media, doctors and more working together to achieve higher immunisation rates

Question 21

What does ‘Develop personal skills’ refer to?

Answer 21

Refers to gaining health-related knowledge and gaining life skills that allow people to make informed decisions that may indirectly affect health. E.g taking a healthy cooking class and learning recipes or ideas of how to cook healthy foods for the future

Question 22

What does ‘Reorient health services’ refer to ?

Answer 22

refers to reorienting the health system so that it promotes health as opposed to focusing only on diagnosing and treating illness, as is the case with the biomedical model. E.g doctors recommending physical activity to prevent conditions like T2D

Question 23

How does the Quit campaign utilise the Ottawa charter?

Answer 23

DPS: provides info on the negatives of tobacco smoking. CSE: provides personalised counselling for those who want help. SCA: assists groups and individuals develop anti-smoking strategies. BHPP: developed in conjunction with state gov e.g. No smoking near schools.RHS: invests money in smoking prevention research

Question 24

List 3 of VicHealths missions (commitments)

Answer 24

• in partnership with others, promote good health
• promote fairness and opportunity for better health
• seek to prevent chronic conditions for all Victorians

Question 25

List all 5 of VicHealth’s strategic priorities

Answer 25

• promote healthy eating
• Encourage regular physical activity
• prevent tobacco use
• prevent harm from alcohol
• improve mental wellbeing

Question 26

What are 5 of the federal governments responsibilities in regards to health?

Answer 26

1. Medicare (funding)
2. Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) (funding and deciding on meds)
3. quarantine
4. Funding (eg to state gov for public hospitals)
5. Regulation (PHI, laws , ect)

Question 27

What is Medicare?

Answer 27

Medicare is Australia’s (gov) universal insurance scheme, that pays for some or all of the fees relating to many essential health care services. Includes the Medicare Safety Net, which ensures that an individual’s patient co payments will become cheaper if they reach over $2000 within a year

Question 28

How is Medicare funded ?

Answer 28

• the Medicare levy: additional 2% tax placed on taxable income
• Medicare levy surcharge: an extra 1% of an individual income if they earn over $90,000
• General taxation

Question 29

What is the PBS?

Answer 29

A federal government health scheme that subsidises over 4000 brands of prescription medication for Australians and included the PBS safety net that activates to reduce the cost further if an individual pays over $1453.90 in 1 calendar year on PBS listed medications

Question 30

List 5 responsibilities of state and territory governments

Answer 30

• public hospitals
• ambulance services
• licensing GP’s
• licensing private hospitals
• laws on road rules and smoking bans

Question 31

List 5 roles of the local government

Answer 31

• water quality testing
• delivering immunisation
• meals on wheels services
• removal of waste (recycling, weekly rubbish and hard rubbish)
• health inspections of restaurants

Question 32

What is private health insurance ?

Answer 32

A type of insurance under which members pay a premium (fee) in return for payment towards health-related costs not covered by Medicare. Private health companies pay additional costs, but if the bill exceeds the amount covered, the patient has to pay the rest (this is the gap)

Question 33

What are the 3 private health insurance incentives ?

Answer 33

• Private health insurance rebate: receive a maximum 30% rebate (refund) on premiums. Rebate is income tested and may vary between 30-0% depending on your situation
• Lifetime health cover: people who take up private insurance after the age of 31 pay an extra 2% on premiums for every year they are over 30
• Medicare levy surcharge: +1-1.5% If an individual earns over $90000 a year

Question 34

What are 4 values that underpin the Australian health system (not all)

Answer 34

Effective: suits time, needs, high grade workers and buildings
Efficient: achieves desired outcome with cost effective use of resources
Safe: reduction to acceptable levels of actual or potential harm from health care management or environment
Accessible: allowing people to obtain health care regardless of income, cultural background or physical location

Question 35

What are the 3 nutrition related initiatives implemented by the governments to improve the health of Australians?

Answer 35

• nutrition surveys
• the Australian dietary guidelines
• the Australian guide to healthy eating

Question 36

List 5 types of information that nutritional surveys collect

Answer 36

• type of milk consumed
• salt use
• alcohol consumption
• supplements consumed
• quantity of intake of fruits and vegetables

Question 37

What are 3 things that the government does with the results of the nutritional surveys ?

Answer 37

• monitor and assess nutrient intake against dietary guidelines for Australians
• assesses changes in dietary habits and nutritional status over time to allow comparison with future surveys
• provides groups, organisations and concerned individuals with data on which they can base their strategies and interventions

Question 38

What is the background behind the ‘Australian dietary guidelines’

Answer 38

Developed by the national health and medical research council (a federal government body). Guidelines are designed to address the causes of increase in diet related conditions. Used by health professionals, educators and other interested parties. Not aimed at individuals with serious medical conditions that require special or set diets

Question 39

What is guide line 1 of the ADG?

Answer 39

To achieve and maintain a healthy weight, be physically active and choose amounts of nutritious food and drinks to meet your energy needs.

Question 40

What is guideline 2 of the ADG?

Answer 40

Enjoy a wide variety of nutritious foods from these five groups every day:
-vegetables
-fruit
-grain
-meats
-dairy
And drink plenty of water

Question 41

What is guide line 3 of the ADG?

Answer 41

Limit intake of foods containing saturated fat, added salt, added sugars and alcohol.

Question 42

What is guideline 4 of the ADG?

Answer 42

Encourage, support and promote breastfeeding

Question 43

What is guideline 5 of the ADG?

Answer 43

Care for your food; prepare and store it safely

Question 44

What is the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating ?

Answer 44

A food selection tool incorporated into the Australian Dietary Guidelines. Assists consumers in planning, selecting and consuming adequate proportions of foods from the 5 food groups. It is a visual tool that reflects the recommended dietary advice detailed in the Australian dietary guidelines. Advice reflects Guideline 2 & 3 of the ADG.

Question 45

What is nutrition Australia ?

Answer 45

Australia’s major community education nutrition body. Established in 1979, It is a non-government organisation and acts by providing the latest information on nutrition research, and current food and health trends.

Question 46

What are 2 examples of Nutrition Australia’s objectives

Answer 46

• act as a source of scientific information on key nutrition issues
• encourage innovation in the dissemination of nutritional knowledge

Question 47

What are 4 examples of Nutrition Australia Actions

Answer 47

• publication of healthy recipes
• workplace health and wellbeing services
• food industry consultancies (products=more nutritious)
• development of the healthy eating pyramid

Question 48

What is the healthy eating pyramid?

Answer 48

A simple visual guide to the types and proportion of food that individuals should eat everyday for good health. Based on the Australian Dietary Guidelines, it encourages Australians to enjoy a wide variety of foods from the 5 food groups (ADG2) and recommends limiting intake of salt and sugar (ADG3). Recommends consumers use herbs and spices, and drink plenty of water.

Question 49

The Heart foundation

Answer 49

—not needed for this sac–