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BIO 130.01 Genetics, Lecture > Chapter 8: Genetic Analysis and Mapping in Bacteria and Bacteriophages > Flashcards

Chapter 8: Genetic Analysis and Mapping in Bacteria and Bacteriophages Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The nutrient components of this growth medium are simple and consist only of an organic carbon source (such as glucose or lactose) and a variety of ions, including Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, and NH4 +, present as inorganic salts

A

Minimal medium

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2
Q

Can synthesize all essential organic compounds. Often a wild-type characteristic.

A

Prototroph

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3
Q

A bacterium that lost the ability to synthesize one or more organic components

A

Auxotroph

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4
Q

A series of successive dilutions. Allows the number of bacteria present in the original culture to be calculated.

A

Serial dilution

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5
Q

Refers to the replacement of one or more genes present in the chromosome of one cell with those from the chromosome of a genetically distinct cell.

A

Genetic recombination (as applied to bacteria)

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6
Q

Transfer of genetic information occurs between generations of the same species.

A

Vertical gene transfer

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7
Q

Transfer occurs between unrelated cells.The genes discovered to be involved in horizontal transfer are those that also confer survival advantages to the recipient species.

A

Horizontal gene transfer

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8
Q

A process by which genetic information from one bacterium is transferred to and recombined with that of another bacterium.

A

Conjugation

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9
Q

Bacterial cells that can serve as donors of parts of their chromosomes. Contains the F factor as a plasmid.

A

F+ cell

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10
Q

Recipient bacteria receive the donor chromosome material (now known to be DNA), and recombine it with part of their own chromosome.

A

F- cell

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11
Q

True or False. Cell contact is essential for chromosome transfer to occur.

A

True

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12
Q

Establishes physical interaction, the initial step in the process of conjugation.

A

Sex pilus (F pilus)

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13
Q

Contained by F+ cells which confers the ability to donate part of their chromosome during conjugation.

A

Fertility factor (factor)

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14
Q

Autonomous genetic unit independent of the DNA.

A

Plasmid

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15
Q

A special class of F+ cells that undergo recombination at a higher frequency than normal F+ cells. They contain the f factor integrated in their chromosome.

A

High-frequency recombination (Hfr) cell

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16
Q

Emerged from the fact that chromosome of the Hfr bacterium was transferred linearly and that the gene order and distance between genes, as measured in minutes. Served as the basis for the first genetic map of the E. coli chromosome.

A

Time mapping

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17
Q

True or False. In various Hfr strains, the F factor integrates into the chromosome at different points and that its position determines the site of point of origin.

A

True

18
Q

F factor frequently, upon disassociation with the bacterial DNA, carries several adjacent bacterial genes along with it. This converts the bacterium from Hfr state to what state?

A

F’

19
Q

Results, when an F’ cell transfers its F factor with associated genes with it to another cell creating a partially diploid cell, called

A

Merozygote

20
Q

Mutation in this gene diminished genetic recombination in bacteria by 1000-fold, nearly eliminating it altogether. Encodes RecA protein which plays a role in genetic recombination involving either a single-stranded DNA molecule or the linear end of a double-stranded DNA molecule that has unwound.

A

RecA gene

21
Q

When double-stranded DNA enters a recipient cell, one strand is often degraded, leaving the complementary strand as the only source of recombination. This strand must find its homologous region along the host chromosome, and once it does, RecA facilitates recombination. This process illustrates what type of recombination?

A

Singe-strand displacement

22
Q

Mutations on each of these genes reduced recombination by about 100 times.

A

RecB, RecC, RecD genes

23
Q

An enzyme consisting of polypeptide subunits encoded by recB, recC, and recD genes. This protein is important when double-stranded DNA serves as the source of genetic recombination. It unwinds the helix, facilitating recombination that involves RecA.

A

RecBCD protein

24
Q

True or False. The replication of plasmids depends on the same enzymes that replicate the chromosome of the host cell, and they are distributed to the daughter cells along with the host chromosome during cell division

A

True

25
Q

Confers fertility and contains the genes essential for sex pilus formation.

A

F factor plasmid

26
Q

Encodes genetic information essential to transferring the plasmid between bacteria. Are similar with a variety of plasmids from different bacterial species

A

Resistance Transfer Factor (RTF) (a type of R plasmid)

27
Q

Genes that confer resistance to antibiotics or mercury.

A

R-determinants (a type of R plasmid)

28
Q

True or False. In some cases, several r-determinants occur in a single plasmid, conferring multiple resistance to several antibiotics

A

True

29
Q

The first known bacterial species to contain several r-determinants in its r-plasmid; causes dysentery.

A

Shigella

30
Q

Encodes one or more proteins, called colicins, that are highly toxic to bacterial strains that do not harbor the same plasmid.

A

Col plasmid (ColE1)

31
Q

Bacteria the carry the col plasmid are called?

A

colicinogenic

32
Q

Small pieces of extracellular DNA are taken up by a living bacterium, potentially leading to a stable genetic change in the recipient cell. This phenomenon is called?

A

Transformation

33
Q

Once a foreign DNA sequence is integrated into the host’s chromosome via transformation pathway, the recombinant region contains one host strand (present originally) and one mutant strand. This chromosome is called?

A

Heteroduplex

34
Q

Refers to the proximity of genes that permits biotransformation.

A

Linkage (The probability of two unliked genes to be cotansported is the product of each of the unlinked genes being transported)

35
Q

Are viruses that have bacteria as their hosts.

A

Bacteriophages

36
Q

During their reproduction, phages can be involved in still another mode of bacterial genetic recombination called?

A

Transduction

37
Q

A process of bacterial recombination mediated by bacteriophages.

A

Transduction

38
Q

A viral DNA that is integrated into the bacterial chromosome.

A

Prophage

39
Q

Phages that either lyse the cell or behave as a prophage

A

Temperate phages

40
Q

Phages that only lyse the cell.

A

Virulent phages

41
Q

A bacterium harboring a prophage; is capable of being lysed as a result of induced viral reproduction

A

Lysogen

42
Q

A genetic molecule that can replicate either in the cytoplasm of a cell or as part of its chromosome.

A

Episome

BIO 130.01 Genetics, Lecture (16 decks)

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