Chapter 1: Introduction to Genetics

Question 1

This theory states that an organism develops from the fertilized embryo by a succession of developmental events that eventually transform the embryo into an adult.

Answer 1

Theory of Epigenesis

Question 2

This theory argues that the sperm or the fertilized egg contains a complete miniature adult.

Answer 2

Theory of Preformation

Question 3

It is believed that that the sperm or the fertilized egg contains a complete miniature adult called?

Answer 3

Homunculus

Question 4

What matter is derived from the various parts of the male body and is believed to be the bearer of hereditary traits?

Answer 4

Humor

Question 5

Aristotle proposed that the male semen contains what matter which has the capacity to produce offspring of the same form.

Answer 5

Vital heat

Question 6

This theory states that all organisms are composed of basic structural units called cells derived from pre-existing cells.

Answer 6

Cell theory

Question 7

This theory argues that living organisms arise spontaneously from non-living matter.

Answer 7

Spontaneous generation

Question 8

Charles Darwin believed that existing species arose through what process?

Answer 8

Descent with modification

Question 9

This theory states that heredity and development were dependent on genetic information residing in genes contained in chromosomes, which were then contributed to each individual by gametes

Answer 9

Chromosomal theory of inheritance

Question 10

The branch of biology that is concerned with the study of heredity and variation.

Answer 10

Genetics

Question 11

Members of each species have a characteristic number of chromosomes called?

Answer 11

Diploid number

Question 12

A process of cell division where chromosomes are copied and distributed so that each daughter cell receives a diploid set of chromosomes identical to those in the parental cell.

Answer 12

Mitosis

Question 13

State the significance of the reduction in chromosome number during meiosis.

Answer 13

The offspring arising from the fusion of egg and sperm are to maintain the constant number of chromosomes characteristic of their parents and other members of their species.

Question 14

States that inherited traits are controlled by genes residing on chromosomes faithfully transmitted through gametes, maintaining genetic continuity from generation to generation.

Answer 14

Chromosomal theory of inheritance

Question 15

Is defined as any heritable change in the DNA sequence and is the source of all genetic variation.

Answer 15

Mutation

Question 16

Defined as alternative forms of a gene resulted from mutation.

Answer 16

Allele

Question 17

True or False. Different alleles produce exact observable features, or phenotypes, of an organism.

Answer 17

False. Alleles express variations of the wild-type phenotype.

Question 18

The set of alleles for a given trait carried by an organism is called?

Answer 18

Genotype

Question 19

True or False. DNA, and not protein, is the genetic material.

Answer 19

True.

Question 20

The structure of the DNA is described to be?

Answer 20

Double helix

Question 21

Each linear strand of the helix is made up of subunits called?

Answer 21

Nucleotides

Question 22

What are the purine nitrogenous bases?

Answer 22

Adenine and Guanine

Question 23

What are the pyrimidine nitrogenous bases?

Answer 23

Thymine and Cytosine

Question 24

True or False. In complementary base pairing A pairs up with T, and G pairs up with C.

Answer 24

True

Question 25

State the differences between RNA and DNA.

Answer 25

1. RNA is generally single-stranded 2. RNA contains ribose sugar 3. RNA contains the pyrimidine uracil in place of thymine.

Question 26

What are the possible gene products?

Answer 26

1. Proteins (majority of the time) | 2. RNA (as such of the X inactive specific transcript)

Question 27

Is a group of three bases in the mRNA sequence which is complementary to the information stored in the DNA and specifies the insertion of a specific amino acid into a protein.

Answer 27

Codon

Question 28

Recognizes the information encoded in the mRNA codon and carries the proper amino acids for the construction of the protein during translation.

Answer 28

Transfer RNA

Question 29

The process in which the nucleotide sequence in one strand of the DNA is used to construct a complementary RNA sequence known as the messenger RNA.

Answer 29

Transcription

Question 30

True or False. The diversity of proteins and the biological functions they perform – the diversity of life itself – arises from the fact that proteins are made from combinations of 20 different amino acids.

Answer 30

True

Question 31

These molecules serve as a catalyst, lowering the energy of activation in reactions and allowing cellular metabolism to proceed at body temperature.

Answer 31

Enzymes

Question 32

What determines the shape and chemical behavior of a protein?

Answer 32

Linear sequence of its amino acid sub-units.

Question 33

The oxygen-biding component in red blood cells.

Answer 33

Hemoglobin

Question 34

The pancreatic hormone that is vital for maintaining a healthy sugar level in the blood.

Answer 34

Insulin

Question 35

The contractile muscle proteins.

Answer 35

Actin and Myosin

Question 36

True or False. Hemoglobin is a composite protein composed of protein sub-units each encoded by the same gene.

Answer 36

False. Protein components of hemoglobin are encoded by different genes.

Question 37

What are the protein components of hemoglobin?

Answer 37

Alpha and beta globin.

Question 38

True or False. In the case of sickle cell anemia, a single nucleotide change in base number 17 (T became A) of the beta-globin gene leads to an altered mRNA codon (GAG to GUG) and the insertion of a different amino acid (Glu to Val), producing the altered version of the beta-globin protein.

Answer 38

True

Question 39

True or False. Sickle cell anemia is autosomal dominant.

Answer 39

False. Sickle cell is an autosomal recessive trait.

Question 40

Bacterial proteins capable of cutting DNA at specific nucleotide sequences.

Answer 40

Restriction endonuclease

Question 41

In recombinant DNA technology, these serve to carry the fragments produced by the action of restriction enzymes.

Answer 41

Vector DNA

Question 42

Are a combined vector and DNA fragment.

Answer 42

Recombinant DNA

Question 43

Copies of the recombinant DNA produced by bacterial reproduction after they are transferred in bacterial cells.

Answer 43

Clones

Question 44

Collections of clones that represent an organism’s genome.

Answer 44

Genomic libraries

Question 45

Defined as the complete haploid DNA content.

Answer 45

Genome

Question 46

These organisms are produced as a result of the transfer of heritable traits across species using recombinant DNA technology.

Answer 46

Transgenic organisms

Question 47

A method in recombinant DNA technology in which the nucleus of an adult cell is transferred into an egg that has had its nucleus removed.

Answer 47

Nuclear transfer

Question 48

Significance of nuclear transfer.

Answer 48

Makes it possible to produce dozens or hundreds of genetically identical offspring with desirable traits and has many applications in agriculture, sports, and medicine.

Question 49

Study of genome, specifically the structure, function, and evolution of genes and genomes.

Answer 49

Genomics

Question 50

In this method, mutations are introduced to the gene to cause an altered phenotype. Identification of the gene that has caused the alteration in the phenotype is identified exhaustingly.

Answer 50

Classical or Forward Genetics

Question 51

In this method, the DNA sequence for a particular gene of interest is known, but the role and function of the gene are typically not well understood.

Answer 51

Reverse genetics

Question 52

True or False. Genes with similar functions in different organisms tend to be similar or identical in structure and nucleotide sequence

Answer 52

True

Question 53

This model organism is used to study human colon cancer because the basic steps in DNA repair in humans hold true in this organism.

Answer 53

E. coli

Question 54

The gene involved in DNA repair mechanism. Mutation in this gene causes colon cancer in humans.

Answer 54

MLH1 gene

Question 55

This model organism is use to study phenotypes with structural abnormalities of the nervous system and adult-onset degeneration of the nervous system.

Answer 55

Drosophila melanogaster

Question 56

The biotech company allowed by the Icelandic Parliament (ALTHINGI) to establish and operate the Icelandic Health Sector Database (HSD).

Answer 56

deCODE

Question 57

This database contains the medical records of all residents in Iceland. It also compiles genealogies of about 800, 000 who lived there since colonization in the 9th to 10th centuries

Answer 57

Icelandic Health Sector Data Base

Question 58

True or False. deCODE has been successful in identifying genes associated with more than 25 common diseases with genetic components such as heart disease, asthma, stroke, and osteoporosis.

Answer 58

True

Question 59

Screening 1.2 million individuals to establish a database of medical records and DNA samples from 500, 000 Britons.

Answer 59

UK Biobank

Question 60

It is the study of how traits and diseases are passed on from generation to generation.

Answer 60

Genetics

Question 61

It deals with the study of the molecules that make up genes and gene products and how genes are turned on or off.

Answer 61

Genetics

Question 62

Are DNA sequences that encode for a functional protein or enzyme and RNAs.

Answer 62

Genes

Question 63

Approach to studying genetics using experimental organisms and mating experiments to study the transmission of traits from parents to offspring.

Answer 63

Transmission genetics

Question 64

Approach to studying genetics that begins with a detailed family history which is used to reconstruct the pattern followed by a trait as it passes through several generations of a family.

Answer 64

Pedigree analysis

Question 65

Branch of genetics that studies chromosome number and structure.

Answer 65

Cytogenetics

Question 66

Are standardized arrangements of chromosomes used to diagnose or to rule out genetic disorders.

Answer 66

Karyotype

Question 67

Uses recombinant DNA technology to identify, isolate, clone (produce multiple copies), and analyze genes.

Answer 67

Molecular genetics

Question 68

Defined how much genetic variation exists in populations and forces such as migration, population size, and natural selection change this variation.

Answer 68

Population genetics

Question 69

In this type of research, there is no immediate goal of solving a practical problem or making commercial products. The goal is to generate knowledge.

Answer 69

Basic research

Question 70

This type of research is usually done to solve a practical problem or turn a discovery into a commercial product. Uses basic methods such as transmission genetics to study how a trait is inherited but also uses biotechnology to make products such as vaccines.

Answer 70

Applied research

Question 71

The main idea of this principle in genetics is that people with desirable traits such as leadership and musical ability should be encouraged to have large families. Whereas those with undesirable traits such as mental retardation or physical deformities should be discouraged from reproducing.

Answer 71

Eugenics

Question 72

It is the idea that all human traits are determined only by genes.

Answer 72

Hereditarianism

Question 73

This act, based on faulty and unproven, and eugenic assumptions, effectively closed door to America for people in southern and eastern Europe, reducing entry quotas from countries such as Italy and Russia by 2/3.

Answer 73

Immigration Restriction Act of 1924

Question 74

This act restricted immigration from Asia.

Answer 74

Chinese Exclusion Acts of 1882 and 1902

Question 75

Immigration laws based on the faulty eugenics were changed through this act.

Answer 75

Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965

Question 76

This law, passed in Germany incorporating eugenics and the Nazi movement, expanded to allow the systematic killing of people defined as socially defective, physically deformed, mentally retarded and/or mentally ill.

Answer 76

Law for the Protection Against Genetically Defective Offspring

Question 77

This refers to methods used to create DNA molecules by in-vitro ligation (joining) of DNA from 2 different organisms and the replication and recovery of the Recombinant DNA molecules

Answer 77

Recombinant DNA Technology

Question 78

An international effort to determine the sequence of the human genome, to identify all genes and genome, and to map all genes to specific chromosomes, among other goals.

Answer 78

Human Genome Program (HGP)

Question 79

Thsi is a type of medical test that identifies changes in chromosomes, genes, or proteins.

Answer 79

Genetic Testing

Question 80

The results of this test can confirm or rule out suspected genetic conditions or help determine a person’s chance of developing passing on a genetic disorder.

Answer 80

Genetic Testing