Chapter 1: Introduction to Genetics Flashcards
This theory states that an organism develops from the fertilized embryo by a succession of developmental events that eventually transform the embryo into an adult.
Theory of Epigenesis
This theory argues that the sperm or the fertilized egg contains a complete miniature adult.
Theory of Preformation
It is believed that that the sperm or the fertilized egg contains a complete miniature adult called?
Homunculus
What matter is derived from the various parts of the male body and is believed to be the bearer of hereditary traits?
Humor
Aristotle proposed that the male semen contains what matter which has the capacity to produce offspring of the same form.
Vital heat
This theory states that all organisms are composed of basic structural units called cells derived from pre-existing cells.
Cell theory
This theory argues that living organisms arise spontaneously from non-living matter.
Spontaneous generation
Charles Darwin believed that existing species arose through what process?
Descent with modification
This theory states that heredity and development were dependent on genetic information residing in genes contained in chromosomes, which were then contributed to each individual by gametes
Chromosomal theory of inheritance
The branch of biology that is concerned with the study of heredity and variation.
Genetics
Members of each species have a characteristic number of chromosomes called?
Diploid number
A process of cell division where chromosomes are copied and distributed so that each daughter cell receives a diploid set of chromosomes identical to those in the parental cell.
Mitosis
State the significance of the reduction in chromosome number during meiosis.
The offspring arising from the fusion of egg and sperm are to maintain the constant number of chromosomes characteristic of their parents and other members of their species.
States that inherited traits are controlled by genes residing on chromosomes faithfully transmitted through gametes, maintaining genetic continuity from generation to generation.
Chromosomal theory of inheritance
Is defined as any heritable change in the DNA sequence and is the source of all genetic variation.
Mutation
Defined as alternative forms of a gene resulted from mutation.
Allele
True or False. Different alleles produce exact observable features, or phenotypes, of an organism.
False. Alleles express variations of the wild-type phenotype.
The set of alleles for a given trait carried by an organism is called?
Genotype
True or False. DNA, and not protein, is the genetic material.
True.
The structure of the DNA is described to be?
Double helix
Each linear strand of the helix is made up of subunits called?
Nucleotides
What are the purine nitrogenous bases?
Adenine and Guanine
What are the pyrimidine nitrogenous bases?
Thymine and Cytosine
True or False. In complementary base pairing A pairs up with T, and G pairs up with C.
True
State the differences between RNA and DNA.
- RNA is generally single-stranded
- RNA contains ribose sugar
- RNA contains the pyrimidine uracil in place of thymine.
What are the possible gene products?
- Proteins (majority of the time)
2. RNA (as such of the X inactive specific transcript)
Is a group of three bases in the mRNA sequence which is complementary to the information stored in the DNA and specifies the insertion of a specific amino acid into a protein.
Codon
Recognizes the information encoded in the mRNA codon and carries the proper amino acids for the construction of the protein during translation.
Transfer RNA
The process in which the nucleotide sequence in one strand of the DNA is used to construct a complementary RNA sequence known as the messenger RNA.
Transcription
True or False. The diversity of proteins and the biological functions they perform – the diversity of life itself – arises from the fact that proteins are made from combinations of 20 different amino acids.
True
These molecules serve as a catalyst, lowering the energy of activation in reactions and allowing cellular metabolism to proceed at body temperature.
Enzymes
What determines the shape and chemical behavior of a protein?
Linear sequence of its amino acid sub-units.
The oxygen-biding component in red blood cells.
Hemoglobin
The pancreatic hormone that is vital for maintaining a healthy sugar level in the blood.
Insulin
The contractile muscle proteins.
Actin and Myosin
True or False. Hemoglobin is a composite protein composed of protein sub-units each encoded by the same gene.
False. Protein components of hemoglobin are encoded by different genes.
What are the protein components of hemoglobin?
Alpha and beta globin.
True or False. In the case of sickle cell anemia, a single nucleotide change in base number 17 (T became A) of the beta-globin gene leads to an altered mRNA codon (GAG to GUG) and the insertion of a different amino acid (Glu to Val), producing the altered version of the beta-globin protein.
True
True or False. Sickle cell anemia is autosomal dominant.
False. Sickle cell is an autosomal recessive trait.
Bacterial proteins capable of cutting DNA at specific nucleotide sequences.
Restriction endonuclease
In recombinant DNA technology, these serve to carry the fragments produced by the action of restriction enzymes.
Vector DNA
Are a combined vector and DNA fragment.
Recombinant DNA
Copies of the recombinant DNA produced by bacterial reproduction after they are transferred in bacterial cells.
Clones
Collections of clones that represent an organism’s genome.
Genomic libraries
Defined as the complete haploid DNA content.
Genome
These organisms are produced as a result of the transfer of heritable traits across species using recombinant DNA technology.
Transgenic organisms
A method in recombinant DNA technology in which the nucleus of an adult cell is transferred into an egg that has had its nucleus removed.
Nuclear transfer
Significance of nuclear transfer.
Makes it possible to produce dozens or hundreds of genetically identical offspring with desirable traits and has many applications in agriculture, sports, and medicine.
Study of genome, specifically the structure, function, and evolution of genes and genomes.
Genomics
In this method, mutations are introduced to the gene to cause an altered phenotype. Identification of the gene that has caused the alteration in the phenotype is identified exhaustingly.
Classical or Forward Genetics
In this method, the DNA sequence for a particular gene of interest is known, but the role and function of the gene are typically not well understood.
Reverse genetics
True or False. Genes with similar functions in different organisms tend to be similar or identical in structure and nucleotide sequence
True
This model organism is used to study human colon cancer because the basic steps in DNA repair in humans hold true in this organism.
E. coli
The gene involved in DNA repair mechanism. Mutation in this gene causes colon cancer in humans.
MLH1 gene
This model organism is use to study phenotypes with structural abnormalities of the nervous system and adult-onset degeneration of the nervous system.
Drosophila melanogaster
The biotech company allowed by the Icelandic Parliament (ALTHINGI) to establish and operate the Icelandic Health Sector Database (HSD).
deCODE
This database contains the medical records of all residents in Iceland. It also compiles genealogies of about 800, 000 who lived there since colonization in the 9th to 10th centuries
Icelandic Health Sector Data Base
True or False. deCODE has been successful in identifying genes associated with more than 25 common diseases with genetic components such as heart disease, asthma, stroke, and osteoporosis.
True
Screening 1.2 million individuals to establish a database of medical records and DNA samples from 500, 000 Britons.
UK Biobank
It is the study of how traits and diseases are passed on from generation to generation.
Genetics
It deals with the study of the molecules that make up genes and gene products and how genes are turned on or off.
Genetics
Are DNA sequences that encode for a functional protein or enzyme and RNAs.
Genes
Approach to studying genetics using experimental organisms and mating experiments to study the transmission of traits from parents to offspring.
Transmission genetics
Approach to studying genetics that begins with a detailed family history which is used to reconstruct the pattern followed by a trait as it passes through several generations of a family.
Pedigree analysis
Branch of genetics that studies chromosome number and structure.
Cytogenetics
Are standardized arrangements of chromosomes used to diagnose or to rule out genetic disorders.
Karyotype
Uses recombinant DNA technology to identify, isolate, clone (produce multiple copies), and analyze genes.
Molecular genetics
Defined how much genetic variation exists in populations and forces such as migration, population size, and natural selection change this variation.
Population genetics
In this type of research, there is no immediate goal of solving a practical problem or making commercial products. The goal is to generate knowledge.
Basic research
This type of research is usually done to solve a practical problem or turn a discovery into a commercial product. Uses basic methods such as transmission genetics to study how a trait is inherited but also uses biotechnology to make products such as vaccines.
Applied research
The main idea of this principle in genetics is that people with desirable traits such as leadership and musical ability should be encouraged to have large families. Whereas those with undesirable traits such as mental retardation or physical deformities should be discouraged from reproducing.
Eugenics
It is the idea that all human traits are determined only by genes.
Hereditarianism
This act, based on faulty and unproven, and eugenic assumptions, effectively closed door to America for people in southern and eastern Europe, reducing entry quotas from countries such as Italy and Russia by 2/3.
Immigration Restriction Act of 1924
This act restricted immigration from Asia.
Chinese Exclusion Acts of 1882 and 1902
Immigration laws based on the faulty eugenics were changed through this act.
Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965
This law, passed in Germany incorporating eugenics and the Nazi movement, expanded to allow the systematic killing of people defined as socially defective, physically deformed, mentally retarded and/or mentally ill.
Law for the Protection Against Genetically Defective Offspring
This refers to methods used to create DNA molecules by in-vitro ligation (joining) of DNA from 2 different organisms and the replication and recovery of the Recombinant DNA molecules
Recombinant DNA Technology
An international effort to determine the sequence of the human genome, to identify all genes and genome, and to map all genes to specific chromosomes, among other goals.
Human Genome Program (HGP)
Thsi is a type of medical test that identifies changes in chromosomes, genes, or proteins.
Genetic Testing
The results of this test can confirm or rule out suspected genetic conditions or help determine a person’s chance of developing passing on a genetic disorder.
Genetic Testing
