Chapter 1: Introduction to Genetics Flashcards
This theory states that an organism develops from the fertilized embryo by a succession of developmental events that eventually transform the embryo into an adult.
Theory of Epigenesis
This theory argues that the sperm or the fertilized egg contains a complete miniature adult.
Theory of Preformation
It is believed that that the sperm or the fertilized egg contains a complete miniature adult called?
Homunculus
What matter is derived from the various parts of the male body and is believed to be the bearer of hereditary traits?
Humor
Aristotle proposed that the male semen contains what matter which has the capacity to produce offspring of the same form.
Vital heat
This theory states that all organisms are composed of basic structural units called cells derived from pre-existing cells.
Cell theory
This theory argues that living organisms arise spontaneously from non-living matter.
Spontaneous generation
Charles Darwin believed that existing species arose through what process?
Descent with modification
This theory states that heredity and development were dependent on genetic information residing in genes contained in chromosomes, which were then contributed to each individual by gametes
Chromosomal theory of inheritance
The branch of biology that is concerned with the study of heredity and variation.
Genetics
Members of each species have a characteristic number of chromosomes called?
Diploid number
A process of cell division where chromosomes are copied and distributed so that each daughter cell receives a diploid set of chromosomes identical to those in the parental cell.
Mitosis
State the significance of the reduction in chromosome number during meiosis.
The offspring arising from the fusion of egg and sperm are to maintain the constant number of chromosomes characteristic of their parents and other members of their species.
States that inherited traits are controlled by genes residing on chromosomes faithfully transmitted through gametes, maintaining genetic continuity from generation to generation.
Chromosomal theory of inheritance
Is defined as any heritable change in the DNA sequence and is the source of all genetic variation.
Mutation
Defined as alternative forms of a gene resulted from mutation.
Allele
True or False. Different alleles produce exact observable features, or phenotypes, of an organism.
False. Alleles express variations of the wild-type phenotype.
The set of alleles for a given trait carried by an organism is called?
Genotype
True or False. DNA, and not protein, is the genetic material.
True.
The structure of the DNA is described to be?
Double helix
Each linear strand of the helix is made up of subunits called?
Nucleotides
What are the purine nitrogenous bases?
Adenine and Guanine
What are the pyrimidine nitrogenous bases?
Thymine and Cytosine
True or False. In complementary base pairing A pairs up with T, and G pairs up with C.
True
State the differences between RNA and DNA.
- RNA is generally single-stranded
- RNA contains ribose sugar
- RNA contains the pyrimidine uracil in place of thymine.
What are the possible gene products?
- Proteins (majority of the time)
2. RNA (as such of the X inactive specific transcript)
Is a group of three bases in the mRNA sequence which is complementary to the information stored in the DNA and specifies the insertion of a specific amino acid into a protein.
Codon
Recognizes the information encoded in the mRNA codon and carries the proper amino acids for the construction of the protein during translation.
Transfer RNA
The process in which the nucleotide sequence in one strand of the DNA is used to construct a complementary RNA sequence known as the messenger RNA.
Transcription
True or False. The diversity of proteins and the biological functions they perform – the diversity of life itself – arises from the fact that proteins are made from combinations of 20 different amino acids.
True
These molecules serve as a catalyst, lowering the energy of activation in reactions and allowing cellular metabolism to proceed at body temperature.
Enzymes
What determines the shape and chemical behavior of a protein?
Linear sequence of its amino acid sub-units.