Chapter 8: Food Production and the Rise of States

Question 1

Preagricultural Developments: Mesoamerica

Answer 1

A similar shift toward more broad-spectrum hunting and gathering occurred in the New World at the end of the Paleo-Indian period, about 10,000 years ago.

Question 2

Mesoamerica

Answer 2

Ground stone woodworking tools such as axes and adzes firstappeared, as did nut-processing tools such as mortars and pestles. Shellfish began to be exploited in some areas.

Question 3

Why Did Broad-Spectrum Collecting Develop?

Answer 3

Climate Change, and Population Growth.

Question 4

Neolithic means

Answer 4

means “of the new stone age”; the term originally signified the cultural stage in which humans invented pottery and ground-stone tools.

Question 5

Consequences of the Rise of Food Production

Answer 5

Greater malnutrition can result from an over-dependence on a few dietary staples that lack some necessary nutrients.

Question 6

Consequences of the Rise of Food Production

Answer 6

Over-dependence on a few sources of food may also increase the risk of famine because the fewer the staple crops, the greater the danger to the food supply posed by a weather-caused crop failure.

Question 7

The Rise of Cities and States

Answer 7

Around 6000 B.C.it status begun. by about 3500 B.C., we can see many, if not all, of the conventional characteristics of civilization: Writings, craft specialist, wealth and status.

Question 8

Archaeological Inferences about Civilization

Answer 8

Archaeologists generally assume that inequality in death reflects inequality in life, at least in status and perhaps also in wealth and power.
Some archaeologists think that states first evolved around 3500 B.C. in greater Mesopotamia, the area now shared by southern Iraq and southwestern Iran.

Question 9

Henry Wright and Gregory Johnson

Answer 9

defined a state as a centralized political hierarchy with at least three levels of administration.

Question 10

Formative Period1000 B.C. to 300 B.C.

Answer 10

The City and State of TeotihuacánIn A.D.100, this was a city of 80,000. By A.D.500, well over 100,000 people.

Question 11

The Old Kingdom, Egypt3100 B.C.

Answer 11

Axum (or Aksum) state1st millennium A.D.

-Harappan civilization2300 B.C.

Question 12

Theories about the Origin of the State

Answer 12

Irrigation
Local and long-distance trade
Population growth, circumscription, and war

Question 13

Consequences of State Formation

Answer 13

Larger denser populationsMany people relieved of food productionSpecialistsArt, music literaturePolice, military, warMalnutrition, disease

Question 14

The Decline and Collapse of States

Answer 14

Environmental degradationSoilHuman behaviorCatastropheSocial decadence

Question 15

Marriage

Answer 15

A socially approved sexual and economic union, usually between a woman and a man, that is presumed, both by the couple and by others, to be more or less permanent, and that subsumes reciprocal rights and obligations between the two spouses and their future children

Question 16

Why is Marriage Universal?

Answer 16

Gender division of labor
Prolonged infant dependency
Sexual competition
Postpartum requirements of other mammals and birds

Question 17

Bride price (or bride wealth)

Answer 17

A substantial gift of goods or money given to the bride’s kin by the groom or his kin at or before the marriage

Question 18

Bride service

Answer 18

Work performed by the groom for his bride’s family for a variable length of time either before or after the marriage

Question 19

Economic Aspects of Marriage

Answer 19

Exchange of FemalesGift ExchangeDowryIndirect Dowry

Question 20

Incest taboo

Answer 20

Prohibition of sexual intercourse or marriage between mother and son, father and daughter, and brother and sister

Question 21

Whom Should One Marry? Arranged Marriages

Answer 21

In an appreciable number of societies, marriages are arranged; negotiations are handled by the immediate families or by go-betweens

Question 22

Endogamy

Answer 22

The rule specifying marriage to a person within one’s own group (kin, caste, community)

Question 23

Exogamy

Answer 23

The rule specifying marriage to a person from outside one’s own group (kin or community)

Question 24

Cross-cousins

Answer 24

Children of siblings of the opposite sex. One’s cross-cousins are father’s sisters’ children and mother’s brothers’ children.

Question 25

Parallel cousins

Answer 25

Children of siblings of the same sex. One’s parallel cousins are father’s brothers’ children and mother’s sisters’ children.

Question 26

Polyandry

Answer 26

The marriage of several men to one woman

Question 27

Variation in Family Form

Answer 27

Matrifocal family
Nuclear Family
Extended family

Question 28

Why do most societies known to anthropology commonly have extended-family households?

Answer 28

Extended-family households are found most frequently in societies with sedentary agricultural economies.

Question 29

Patrilocal residence

Answer 29

The son stays and the daughter leaves, so that the married couple lives with or near the husband’s parents (67 percent of all societies in the ethnographic record)

Question 30

Matrilocal residence

Answer 30

The daughter stays and the son leaves, so that the married couple lives with or near the wife’s parents (15 percent of all societies)

Question 31

Bilocal residence

Answer 31

Either the son or the daughter leaves, so that the married couple lives with or near either the wife’s or the husband’s parents (7 percent of all societies)