Chapter 3: Genetics and Evolution. Chapter 4: Human Variation.

Question 1

The Principles of Natural Selection

Answer 1

• Variation
• Differential Reproductive Success
• Heritability

Question 2

The Principles of Natural Selection

Answer 2

The giraffe’s long neck is adaptive for eating tree leaves high off the ground

Question 3

Observed Examples of Natural Selection

Answer 3

Directional selection
Normalizing selection
Balancing selection

Question 4

Heredity:

Answer 4

Gregor Mendel’s Experiments

Question 5

Dominant

Answer 5

The allele of a gene pair that is always phenotypically expressed in the heterozygous form.

Question 6

Recessive

Answer 6

An allele phenotypically suppressed in the heterozygous form and expressed only in the homozygous form

Question 7

Genotype

Answer 7

The total complement of inherited traits or genes of an organism

Question 8

Phenotype

Answer 8

The observable physical appearance of an organism, which may or may not reflect its genotype or total genetic constitution.

Question 9

Genes

Answer 9

Conveyors of Inherited Traits

Question 10

Homozygous

Answer 10

Possessing two identical genes or alleles in corresponding locations on a pair of chromosomes

Question 11

Heterozygous

Answer 11

Possessing differing genes or alleles in corresponding locations on a pair of chromosomes.

Question 12

Mitosis

Answer 12

Split into identical cells from original cells (parents cells)

Question 13

Meiosis

Answer 13

Makes you. Cells split into new cells.

Question 14

Acclimatization

Answer 14

Impermanent physiological changes that people make when they encounter a new environment.

Question 15

Influence of the Cultural Environment

Answer 15

Culture allows humans to modify their environments, and such modifications may lessen the likelihood of genetic adaptations and physiological acclimatizations.

Question 16

Bergmann’s rule

Answer 16

The slenderer populations of a species inhabit the warmer parts of its geographic range, and the more robust populations inhabit the cooler areas.

Question 17

Allen’s rule

Answer 17

Protruding body parts(e.g., limbs) are relatively shorter in the cooler areas of a species’ range than in the warmer areas. Research comparing human populations tends to supportAllen’s rule.

Question 18

Other forms of physical variation

Answer 18

Skin Color (Gloger's RuleClinal Variation)
Adaptation to High Altitude
Susceptibility to Infectious Diseases
 Sickle-Cell Anemia
Lactase Deficiency

Question 19

Height

Answer 19

Differences in human size seem to be the result of both adaptations and acclimatizations, with both of these, in turn, affected by cultural factors such as nutrition and stress.

Question 20

Cloning

Answer 20

The exact reproduction of an individual from cellular tissue

Question 21

Genetic engineering

Answer 21

The substitution of some genes for others—is increasingly practiced in nonhuman organisms