Chapter 8 Flowers, Fruits and seeds Flashcards
biennial
(by-en′ee-ul) a plant that normally requires two seasons to complete its life cycle, the first season’s growth being strictly vegetative
perennial
(puh-ren′ee-ul) a plant that continues to live indefinitely after flowering
dicotyledon
(dy-kot-uh-lee′dun) a class of angiosperms whose seeds commonly have two cotyledons; frequently abbreviated to dicot
monocotyledon
(mon-oh-kot-uh-lee′dun) a class of angiosperms whose seeds have a single cotyledon; commonly abbreviated to monocot
cotyledon
A cotyledon is a significant part of the embryo within the seed of a plant, and is defined as “the embryonic leaf in seed-bearing plants, one or more of which are the first to appear from a germinating seed.” The number of cotyledons present is one characteristic used by botanists to classify the flowering plants.
herbaceous
Herbaceous plants are vascular plants that have no persistent woody stems above ground. This broad category of plants includes many perennials, and nearly all annuals and biennials.
peduncle
(pee′dun-kul) the main stalk supporting an inflorescence
pedicel
(ped′i-sel) the stalk of an individual flower or the branchlets of smaller stalks of a flower
receptacle
(ree-sep′tuh-kuhl) the commonly expanded tip of a peduncle or pedicel to which the various parts of a flower (e.g., calyx, corolla) are attached
sepal
(see′puhl) a unit of the calyx that frequently resembles a reduced leaf; sepals often function in protecting the unopened flower bud
calyx
(kay′liks) collective term for the sepals of a flower
petal
(pet′ul) a unit of a corolla; it is usually both flattened and colored
corolla
(kuh-rahl′uh) collective term for the petals of a flower
perianth
(pari′ee-anth) the calyx and corolla of a flower
stamen
(stay′min) a pollen-producing structure of a flower; it consists of an anther and usually also a filament
pistil
(pis′tul) a female reproductive structure of a flower, composed of one or more carpels and consisting of an ovary, style, and stigma
filament
(fil′uh-mint) threadlike body of certain bacteria, algae, and fungi; also the stalk portion of a stamen
anther
(an′thur) the pollen-bearing part of a stamen
pollen grain
(pahl′un grayn) a structure derived from the microspore of seed plants that develops into a male gametophyte
stigma
(stig′muh) the pollen receptive area of a pistil
style
(styl) the structure that connects a stigma and an ovary
ovary
(oh′vuh-ree) the enlarged basal portion of a pistil that contains an ovule or ovules and usually develops into a frui
carpel
(kahr′pul) an ovule-bearing unit that is a part of a pistil
superior ovary
calyx and corolla are attached to the receptacle at the base of the ovary
inferior ovary
calyx and corolla appear to be attached at the top of the ovary
ovule
(oh′vyool) a structure of seed plants that contains a female gametophyte and has the potential to develop into a seed
inflorescence
(in-fluh-res′ints) a collective term for a group of flowers attached to a common axis in a specific arrangement
exocarp
(ek′soh-kahrp) the outermost layer of a fruit wall
endocarp
(en′doh-kahrp) the innermost layer of a fruit wall
mesocarp
(mez′uh-karp) the middle region of the fruit wall that lies between the exocarp and the endocarp
pericarp
(per′uh-karp) collective term for all the layers of a fruit wall
simple fleshy fruit
(sim′pul flesh′ee froot) a fruit that develops from a single pistil
carpel
(kahr′pul) an ovule-bearing unit that is a part of a pistil
drupe
(droop) a simple fleshy fruit whose single seed is enclosed within a hard endocarp
pome
(pohm) a simple fleshy fruit whose flesh is derived primarily from the receptacle
follicle
(foll′uh-kuhl) a dry fruit that splits along one side only
legume
(leg′yoom) a dry fruit that splits along two “seams,” the seeds being attached along the edges
silique
(suh-leek′) a dry fruit that splits along two “seams,” with the seeds borne on a central partition
capsule
(kapp′sool) a dry fruit that splits in various ways at maturity, often along or between carpel margins; also the main part of a sporophyte in which different types of tissues develop
achene
(uh-keen′) a single-seeded fruit in which the seed is attached to the pericarp only at its base
nut
(nutt) a one-seeded, dry fruit with a hard, thick pericarp; a nut develops with a cup or cluster of bracts at the base
caryopsis
In botany, a caryopsis is a type of simple dry fruit—one that is monocarpellate and indehiscent and resembles an achene, except that in a caryopsis the pericarp is fused with the thin seed coat.
samara
(sah-mair′uh) a dry fruit whose pericarp extends around the seed in the form of a wing
schizocarp
(skit′soh-karp) a twin fruit unique to the Parsley Family (Apiaceae)
characteristic of aggregate fruits
They are derived from a single flower.
All fruitlets mature as a clustered unit.
Individual pistils develop into small fruitlets.
multiple fruit
(mul′tuh-pul froot) a fruit derived from several to many individual flowers in a single inflorescence
inflorescence
An inflorescence is a group or cluster of flowers arranged on a stem that is composed of a main branch or a complicated arrangement of branches. Morphologically, it is the modified part of the shoot of seed plants where flowers are formed on the axis of a plant.
cotyledon
(kot-uh-lee′dun) an embryo leaf (“seed leaf”) that usually either stores or absorbs food
plumule
(ploo′myool) the terminal bud of the embryo of a seed plant
epicotyl
(ep′uh-kaht-ul) the part of an embryo or seedling above the attachment point of the cotyledon(s)
hypocotyl
(hy-poh-kot′ul) the portion of an embryo or seedling between the radicle and the cotyledon(s)
radicle
(rad′i-kuhl) the part of an embryo in a seed that develops into a root
coleoptile
(koh-lee-op′tul) a protective sheath surrounding the emerging shoot of seedlings of the Grass Family (Poaceae) (e.g., corn, wheat)
coleorhiza
(koh-lee-uh-ry′zuh) a protective sheath surrounding the emerging radicle (immature root) of members of the Grass Family (Poaceae) (e.g., corn, wheat)
dormancy
(dor′man-see) a period of growth inactivity in seeds, buds, bulbs, and other plant organs even when environmental conditions normally required for growth are met
Differences between Dicots and Monocots
Dicots and monocots are distinguished from one another by the differences in numbers of flower parts and cotyledons, venation, presence or absence of cambia, vascular bundle arrangement, and pollen grain apertures.
How many species of flowering plants have been discovered so far?
About 300,000
Which of the following are dicot characteristics?
Shrubs
Most flowering trees
Three-fourths of all flowering plants
The outermost whorl of a flower is called the ______.
calyx
The outermost whorl of a flower is called the ______.
calyx
Which of these are characteristic of monocots?
Species that produce bulbs
Parallel leaf veins
What is the swollen tip of a peduncle or pedicel called?
Receptacle
The corolla of a flower contains ______.
Petals
Sepals
A sepal is a part of the flower of angiosperms. Usually green, sepals typically function as protection for the flower in bud, and often as support for the petals when in bloom.
stamen
the male fertilizing organ of a flower, typically consisting of a pollen-containing anther and a filament.
The second whorl from the outside of a flower, made of petals, is called the ______.
corolla
The outermost whorl of a flower is called the ______.
calyx
anther
he part of a stamen that contains the pollen. Where the pollen is created
Stamens are made up of a slender _____ and an _____ containing pollen grains on top.
1: filament
2: anther
The corolla of a flower contains ______.
petals
The vase-shaped ______ in a flower is made up of the style, stigma, and ovary.
Pistal
Exocarp
The skin of the fruit
Mesocarp
The fleshy tissue that makes up the middle layer of a fruit
Mesocarp
The fleshy tissue that makes up the middle layer of a fruit
Endocarp
The inner boundary of the fruit around the seeds
calyx
Drupes are simple fleshy fruits with a single seed enclosed by a stony endocarp. The following fruits are drupes
Coconut
Cherries
Almonds
If a fruit develops from a compound ovary, has lots of seeds, and its difficult to distinguish between its mesocarp and endocarp, it is known as a _____
Berry
Characteristics of pomes
Simple fleshy fruits
Endocarp around seeds is papery or leathery
Examples include apples and pears
What do you call a dry fruit that opens at maturity?
Dehiscent
What do you call a dry fruit that opens at maturity?
Dehiscent
Follicles are dry fruits that open along one side only. What are some examples of plants that make follicles?
Milkweed
Larkspur
What are some characteristics of the fruits of legumes?
They are dry fruits.
They split at maturity along both seams.
Silique
the long, narrow seedpod of many plants of the cabbage family, splitting open when mature.
Indehiscent fruit
A dry fruit that does not open at maturity
Aggregate fruits
All fruitlets mature as a clustered unit.
Individual pistils develop into small fruitlets.
They are derived from a single flower.
Which of these are characteristics of multiple fruits?
Each flower has its own receptacle.
They are derived from several flowers in a single inflorescence.
As flowers mature into fruitlets, they develop together into a single larger fruit.
What kind of fruits are produced by mulberries, figs, pineapples, and Osage orange plants?
Multiple fruits
cotyledons
an embryonic leaf in seed-bearing plants, one or more of which are the first leaves to appear from a germinating seed.
