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Botany > Chapter 8 Flowers, Fruits and seeds > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flowers, Fruits and seeds Flashcards

1
Q

biennial

A

(by-en′ee-ul) a plant that normally requires two seasons to complete its life cycle, the first season’s growth being strictly vegetative

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2
Q

perennial

A

(puh-ren′ee-ul) a plant that continues to live indefinitely after flowering

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3
Q

dicotyledon

A

(dy-kot-uh-lee′dun) a class of angiosperms whose seeds commonly have two cotyledons; frequently abbreviated to dicot

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4
Q

monocotyledon

A

(mon-oh-kot-uh-lee′dun) a class of angiosperms whose seeds have a single cotyledon; commonly abbreviated to monocot

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5
Q

cotyledon

A

A cotyledon is a significant part of the embryo within the seed of a plant, and is defined as “the embryonic leaf in seed-bearing plants, one or more of which are the first to appear from a germinating seed.” The number of cotyledons present is one characteristic used by botanists to classify the flowering plants.

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6
Q

herbaceous

A

Herbaceous plants are vascular plants that have no persistent woody stems above ground. This broad category of plants includes many perennials, and nearly all annuals and biennials.

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7
Q

peduncle

A

(pee′dun-kul) the main stalk supporting an inflorescence

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8
Q

pedicel

A

(ped′i-sel) the stalk of an individual flower or the branchlets of smaller stalks of a flower

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9
Q

receptacle

A

(ree-sep′tuh-kuhl) the commonly expanded tip of a peduncle or pedicel to which the various parts of a flower (e.g., calyx, corolla) are attached

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10
Q

sepal

A

(see′puhl) a unit of the calyx that frequently resembles a reduced leaf; sepals often function in protecting the unopened flower bud

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11
Q

calyx

A

(kay′liks) collective term for the sepals of a flower

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12
Q

petal

A

(pet′ul) a unit of a corolla; it is usually both flattened and colored

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13
Q

corolla

A

(kuh-rahl′uh) collective term for the petals of a flower

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14
Q

perianth

A

(pari′ee-anth) the calyx and corolla of a flower

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15
Q

stamen

A

(stay′min) a pollen-producing structure of a flower; it consists of an anther and usually also a filament

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16
Q

pistil

A

(pis′tul) a female reproductive structure of a flower, composed of one or more carpels and consisting of an ovary, style, and stigma

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17
Q

filament

A

(fil′uh-mint) threadlike body of certain bacteria, algae, and fungi; also the stalk portion of a stamen

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18
Q

anther

A

(an′thur) the pollen-bearing part of a stamen

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19
Q

pollen grain

A

(pahl′un grayn) a structure derived from the microspore of seed plants that develops into a male gametophyte

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20
Q

stigma

A

(stig′muh) the pollen receptive area of a pistil

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21
Q

style

A

(styl) the structure that connects a stigma and an ovary

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22
Q

ovary

A

(oh′vuh-ree) the enlarged basal portion of a pistil that contains an ovule or ovules and usually develops into a frui

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23
Q

carpel

A

(kahr′pul) an ovule-bearing unit that is a part of a pistil

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24
Q

superior ovary

A

calyx and corolla are attached to the receptacle at the base of the ovary

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25
Q

inferior ovary

A

calyx and corolla appear to be attached at the top of the ovary

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26
Q

ovule

A

(oh′vyool) a structure of seed plants that contains a female gametophyte and has the potential to develop into a seed

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27
Q

inflorescence

A

(in-fluh-res′ints) a collective term for a group of flowers attached to a common axis in a specific arrangement

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28
Q

exocarp

A

(ek′soh-kahrp) the outermost layer of a fruit wall

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29
Q

endocarp

A

(en′doh-kahrp) the innermost layer of a fruit wall

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30
Q

mesocarp

A

(mez′uh-karp) the middle region of the fruit wall that lies between the exocarp and the endocarp

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31
Q

pericarp

A

(per′uh-karp) collective term for all the layers of a fruit wall

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32
Q

simple fleshy fruit

A

(sim′pul flesh′ee froot) a fruit that develops from a single pistil

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33
Q

carpel

A

(kahr′pul) an ovule-bearing unit that is a part of a pistil

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34
Q

drupe

A

(droop) a simple fleshy fruit whose single seed is enclosed within a hard endocarp

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35
Q

pome

A

(pohm) a simple fleshy fruit whose flesh is derived primarily from the receptacle

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36
Q

follicle

A

(foll′uh-kuhl) a dry fruit that splits along one side only

37
Q

legume

A

(leg′yoom) a dry fruit that splits along two “seams,” the seeds being attached along the edges

38
Q

silique

A

(suh-leek′) a dry fruit that splits along two “seams,” with the seeds borne on a central partition

39
Q

capsule

A

(kapp′sool) a dry fruit that splits in various ways at maturity, often along or between carpel margins; also the main part of a sporophyte in which different types of tissues develop

40
Q

achene

A

(uh-keen′) a single-seeded fruit in which the seed is attached to the pericarp only at its base

41
Q

nut

A

(nutt) a one-seeded, dry fruit with a hard, thick pericarp; a nut develops with a cup or cluster of bracts at the base

42
Q

caryopsis

A

In botany, a caryopsis is a type of simple dry fruit—one that is monocarpellate and indehiscent and resembles an achene, except that in a caryopsis the pericarp is fused with the thin seed coat.

43
Q

samara

A

(sah-mair′uh) a dry fruit whose pericarp extends around the seed in the form of a wing

44
Q

schizocarp

A

(skit′soh-karp) a twin fruit unique to the Parsley Family (Apiaceae)

45
Q

characteristic of aggregate fruits

A

They are derived from a single flower.

All fruitlets mature as a clustered unit.

Individual pistils develop into small fruitlets.

46
Q

multiple fruit

A

(mul′tuh-pul froot) a fruit derived from several to many individual flowers in a single inflorescence

47
Q

inflorescence

A

An inflorescence is a group or cluster of flowers arranged on a stem that is composed of a main branch or a complicated arrangement of branches. Morphologically, it is the modified part of the shoot of seed plants where flowers are formed on the axis of a plant.

48
Q

cotyledon

A

(kot-uh-lee′dun) an embryo leaf (“seed leaf”) that usually either stores or absorbs food

49
Q

plumule

A

(ploo′myool) the terminal bud of the embryo of a seed plant

50
Q

epicotyl

A

(ep′uh-kaht-ul) the part of an embryo or seedling above the attachment point of the cotyledon(s)

51
Q

hypocotyl

A

(hy-poh-kot′ul) the portion of an embryo or seedling between the radicle and the cotyledon(s)

52
Q

radicle

A

(rad′i-kuhl) the part of an embryo in a seed that develops into a root

53
Q

coleoptile

A

(koh-lee-op′tul) a protective sheath surrounding the emerging shoot of seedlings of the Grass Family (Poaceae) (e.g., corn, wheat)

54
Q

coleorhiza

A

(koh-lee-uh-ry′zuh) a protective sheath surrounding the emerging radicle (immature root) of members of the Grass Family (Poaceae) (e.g., corn, wheat)

55
Q

dormancy

A

(dor′man-see) a period of growth inactivity in seeds, buds, bulbs, and other plant organs even when environmental conditions normally required for growth are met

56
Q

Differences between Dicots and Monocots

A

Dicots and monocots are distinguished from one another by the differences in numbers of flower parts and cotyledons, venation, presence or absence of cambia, vascular bundle arrangement, and pollen grain apertures.

57
Q

How many species of flowering plants have been discovered so far?

A

About 300,000

58
Q

Which of the following are dicot characteristics?

A

Shrubs

Most flowering trees

Three-fourths of all flowering plants

59
Q

The outermost whorl of a flower is called the ______.

A

calyx

60
Q

The outermost whorl of a flower is called the ______.

A

calyx

61
Q

Which of these are characteristic of monocots?

A

Species that produce bulbs

Parallel leaf veins

62
Q

What is the swollen tip of a peduncle or pedicel called?

A

Receptacle

63
Q

The corolla of a flower contains ______.

A

Petals

64
Q

Sepals

A

A sepal is a part of the flower of angiosperms. Usually green, sepals typically function as protection for the flower in bud, and often as support for the petals when in bloom.

65
Q

stamen

A

the male fertilizing organ of a flower, typically consisting of a pollen-containing anther and a filament.

66
Q

The second whorl from the outside of a flower, made of petals, is called the ______.

A

corolla

67
Q

The outermost whorl of a flower is called the ______.

A

calyx

68
Q

anther

A

he part of a stamen that contains the pollen. Where the pollen is created

69
Q

Stamens are made up of a slender _____ and an _____ containing pollen grains on top.

A

1: filament
2: anther

70
Q

The corolla of a flower contains ______.

A

petals

71
Q

The vase-shaped ______ in a flower is made up of the style, stigma, and ovary.

A

Pistal

72
Q

Exocarp

A

The skin of the fruit

73
Q

Mesocarp

A

The fleshy tissue that makes up the middle layer of a fruit

74
Q

Mesocarp

A

The fleshy tissue that makes up the middle layer of a fruit

75
Q

Endocarp

A

The inner boundary of the fruit around the seeds

76
Q

calyx

A
77
Q

Drupes are simple fleshy fruits with a single seed enclosed by a stony endocarp. The following fruits are drupes

A

Coconut

Cherries

Almonds

78
Q

If a fruit develops from a compound ovary, has lots of seeds, and its difficult to distinguish between its mesocarp and endocarp, it is known as a _____

A

Berry

79
Q

Characteristics of pomes

A

Simple fleshy fruits

Endocarp around seeds is papery or leathery

Examples include apples and pears

80
Q

What do you call a dry fruit that opens at maturity?

A

Dehiscent

80
Q

What do you call a dry fruit that opens at maturity?

A

Dehiscent

81
Q

Follicles are dry fruits that open along one side only. What are some examples of plants that make follicles?

A

Milkweed

Larkspur

82
Q

What are some characteristics of the fruits of legumes?

A

They are dry fruits.

They split at maturity along both seams.

83
Q

Silique

A

the long, narrow seedpod of many plants of the cabbage family, splitting open when mature.

84
Q

Indehiscent fruit

A

A dry fruit that does not open at maturity

85
Q

Aggregate fruits

A

All fruitlets mature as a clustered unit.

Individual pistils develop into small fruitlets.

They are derived from a single flower.

86
Q

Which of these are characteristics of multiple fruits?

A

Each flower has its own receptacle.

They are derived from several flowers in a single inflorescence.

As flowers mature into fruitlets, they develop together into a single larger fruit.

87
Q

What kind of fruits are produced by mulberries, figs, pineapples, and Osage orange plants?

A

Multiple fruits

88
Q

cotyledons

A

an embryonic leaf in seed-bearing plants, one or more of which are the first leaves to appear from a germinating seed.

Botany (7 decks)

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