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Botany > Chapter 6 Stems > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Stems Flashcards

1
Q

node

A

(nohd) region of a stem where one or more leaves are attached

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2
Q

internode

A

(in′tur-nohd) a stem region between nodes

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3
Q

blade

A

(blayd) the conspicuous flattened part of a leaf (also called lamina) or seaweed

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4
Q

petiole

A

(pet′ee-ohl) the stalk of a leaf

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5
Q

stipule

A

(stip′yool) one of a pair of appendages of varying size, shape, and texture present at the base of the leaves of some plants

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6
Q

deciduous

A

(duh-sij′yu-wuss) shedding leaves annually

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7
Q

bundle scar

A

(bun′dul skahr) a small scar left by a vascular bundle within a leaf scar when
the leaf separates from its stem through abscission

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8
Q

primordium

A

(pry-mord′ee-um) an organ or structure (e.g., leaf, bud) at its earliest stage of development

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9
Q

protoderm

A

(proh′tuh-durm) the primary meristem that gives rise to the epidermis

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10
Q

procambium

A

(proh-kam′bee-um) a primary meristematic tissue that differentiates into primary xylem and phloem

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11
Q

ground meristem

A

(grownd mair′i-stem) meristem that produces all the primary tissues other than the epidermis and stele (e.g., cortex, pith)

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12
Q

pith

A

(pith) central tissue of a dicot stem and certain roots; it usually consists of parenchyma cells that become proportionately less of the volume of woody plants as cambial activity increases the organ′s girth

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13
Q

cortex

A

(kor′teks) a primary tissue composed mainly of parenchyma; the tissue usually extends between the epidermis and the vascular tissue

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14
Q

leaf gap

A

(leef gap) a parenchyma-filled interruption in a stem′s cylinder of vascular tissue immediately above the point at which a branch of vascular tissue (leaf trace) leading to a leaf occurs

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15
Q

bud gap

A

(buhd gap) thumbnail-shaped opening in the cylinder of vascular tissue

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16
Q

vascular cambium

A

(vas′kyu-lur kam′bee-um) a narrow, cylindrical sheath of cells that produces secondary xylem and phloem in stems and roots

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17
Q

cork cambium

A

(kork kam′bee-um) a narrow cylindrical sheath of cells between the exterior of a woody root or stem and the central vascular tissue; it produces cork to its exterior and phelloderm to its interior; it is also called phellogen

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18
Q

phellogen

A

(fel′uh-jun) see cork cambium

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19
Q

cork cell

A

(kork sel) cell produced to the outside of the cork cambium

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20
Q

suberin

A

(soo′buh-rin) a fatty substance found primarily in the cell walls of cork and the Casparian strips of endodermal cells

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21
Q

phelloderm

A

(fel′uh-durm) tissue produced to the inside of the cork cambium

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22
Q

increment borer

A

(in′kruh-muhnt bawr′er) drill that is inserted into a tree to determine its widest girth

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23
Q

annual ring

A

(an′you-ul ring) a single season’s production of xylem (wood) by the vascular cambium

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24
Q

lenticel

A

(lent′uh-sel) one of usually numerous, slightly raised, somewhat spongy groups of cells in the bark of woody plants; lenticels permit gas exchange between the interior of a plant and the external atmosphere

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25
Q

Dendroclimatology

A

Dendroclimatology is the science of determining past climates from trees.

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26
Q

stele

A

(steel) the central cylinder of tissues in a stem or root; usually consists primarily of xylem and phloem

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27
Q

cotyledon

A

(kot-uh-lee′dun) an embryo leaf (“seed leaf”) that usually either stores or absorbs food

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28
Q

dicotyledon

A

(dy-kot-uh-lee′dun) a class of angiosperms whose seeds commonly have two cotyledons; frequently abbreviated to dicot

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29
Q

monocotyledon

A

(mon-oh-kot-uh-lee′dun) a class of angiosperms whose seeds have a single cotyledon; commonly abbreviated to monocot

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30
Q

angiosperms

A

Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits

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31
Q

vascular bundle

A

(vas′kyu-lur bun′dul) a strand of tissue composed mostly of xylem and phloem and usually enveloped by a bundle sheath

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32
Q

vascular ray

A

(vas′kyu-lur ray) a row of vascular tissue that extends horizontally across a stem

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33
Q

heartwood

A

(hahrt′wood) nonliving, usually darker-colored wood whose cells have ceased to function in water conduction

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34
Q

sapwood

A

(sap′wood) outer layers of wood that transport water and minerals in a tree trunk; sapwood is usually lighter in color than heartwood

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35
Q

laticifer

A

(luh-tis′uh-fur) specialized cells or ducts resembling vessels; they form branched networks of latex-secreting cells in the phloem and other parts of plants

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36
Q

rhizome

A

(ry′zohm) an underground stem, usually horizontally oriented, that may be superficially rootlike in appearance but that has definite nodes and internodes

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37
Q

runner

A

(run′ur) a stem that grows horizontally along the surface of the ground; typically has long internodes; see also stolon

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38
Q

stolon

A

(stoh′lun) a stem that grows vertically below the surface of the ground; it typically has relatively long internodes; see also runner

39
Q

tuber

A

(t(y)oo′bur) a swollen, fleshy underground stem (e.g., white potato)

40
Q

bulb

A

(buhlb) an underground food-storage organ that is essentially a modified bud consisting of fleshy leaves that surround and are attached to a small stem

41
Q

cladophyll

A

(klad′uh-fil) a flattened stem that resembles a leaf; also called phylloclade

42
Q

tendril

A

(ten′dril) a slender structure that coils on contact with a support of suitable diameter; it usually is a modified leaf or leaflet and aids the plant in climbing

43
Q

Trees that exhibit indeterminate growth can do what

A

Grow longer at their branch tips

Grow bigger around

44
Q

How do plants grow at their tips?

A

Cells in apical meristems divide and add cells to the tip.

45
Q

Which primary meristem gives rise to the epidermis in stems?

A

protoderm

46
Q

Some plants have the ability to grow larger throughout their lifetime through ______.

A

indeterminate growth

47
Q

Where are apical meristems located in stems?

A

At the tips

48
Q

What type of cells does the ground meristem make?

A

parenchyma

49
Q

The vascular cambium can produce secondary phloem for the purpose of conducting food throughout the plant. What types of secondary phloem cells does vascular cambium produce?

A

companion cells

sieve tube members

50
Q

ground meristem

A

: the part of a primary apical meristem remaining after differentiation of protoderm and procambium.

51
Q

What survival strategies do bristlecone pines use to live for thousands of years?

A

Only a small fraction of the wood in their trunks is alive, reducing the amount of energy needed to sustain the tree.

They grow only on outcrops of dolomite.

Their wood is dense and filled with resin, making it difficult for microbes to attack the trees.

52
Q

determinate growth

A

Determinate growth can be considered ‘constitutive’ if it occurs under any environmental condition

53
Q

Indeterminate growth

A

In biology and botany, indeterminate growth is growth that is not terminated in contrast to determinate growth that stops once a genetically pre-determined structure has completely formed.

54
Q

Primary Growth

A

Allows stems to grow in length

55
Q

Secondary Growth

A

Allows stems to grow in girth

56
Q

The vascular cambium produces ______.

A

phloem to the outside and xylem to the inside

57
Q

What types of secondary xylem cells does vascular cambium produce?

A

vessel elements

fibers

tracheids

58
Q

Cork cells that die shortly after they are formed by the meristem are called the cork ____

A

cambium

59
Q

Primary xylem and phloem typically form a stele in the stem. The simplest form is called a
_____ with the phloem surrounding the xylem at the core of the stem. Most plants have a
_____, in which xylem and phloem are arranged in vascular bundles.

A

Blank 1: protostele
Blank 2: eustele

60
Q

Increment borer

A

The Increment Borer is essential for extracting a core of wood from trees, logs, poles or timbers. The core extracted is used for many purposes including determination of growth rate, age, tree soundness, penetration of chemicals in the wood treating business, and specific gravity studies of wood.

61
Q

Why do some tropical trees produce wood that is ungrained, uniform wood?

A

The trees are actively growing all year, so no annual rings are produced.

62
Q

spring wood

A

secondary xylem with relatively large vessel elements and fewer tracheids

63
Q

summer wood

A

secondary xylem with smaller vessel elements and more tracheids

64
Q

protostele

A

solid core of conducting tissue, typically with phloem surrounding xylem

65
Q

eustele

A

primary xylem and phoem arranged in vascular bundles.

66
Q

What types of secondary xylem cells are produced by the vascular cambium?

A

vessel elements

tracheids

67
Q

What produces an annual ring in a tree?

A

Spring wood in trees has bigger xylem cells, and summer wood has smaller xylem cells. This results in alternating bands that display annual growth.

68
Q

What type of cells make up the bulk of a tree trunk?

A

secondary xylem

69
Q

eustele

A

: a stele typical of dicotyledonous plants that consists of vascular bundles of xylem and phloem strands with parenchymal cells between the bundles.

70
Q

protostele

A

(ˈproʊtəˌstil ; ˈproʊtoʊˌstili ) noun. a simple, primitive arrangement of conducting tissues in stems and roots of certain lower plants, consisting of a solid cylinder of xylem surrounded by a layer of phloem

71
Q

What type of cell makes up vascular rays?

A

parenchyma

72
Q

Sapwood

A

sapwood, also called alburnum, outer, living layers of the secondary wood of trees, which engage in transport of water and minerals to the crown of the tree.

73
Q

Bark

A

all the tissues outside the cambium.

74
Q

heartwood

A

heartwood, also called duramen, dead, central wood of trees. Its cells usually contain tannins or other substances that make it dark in colour and sometimes aromatic. Heartwood is mechanically strong, resistant to decay, and less easily penetrated by wood-preservative chemicals than other types of wood.

75
Q

True or false: Most monocots have secondary growth, and can attain great sizes just like dicots.

A

False

76
Q

What type of cells make up the bulk of a tree trunk?

A

secondary xylem

77
Q

Horizontal stems that grow underground are called _____

A

rhizomes

78
Q

The term runner is sometimes used synonymously with which term?

A

Stolon

79
Q

Stolon

A

In biology, stolons, also known as runners, are horizontal connections between organisms. They may be part of the organism, or of its skeleton; typically, animal stolons are external skeletons.

80
Q

Swollen modified stems that store carbohydrates and are usually found on the ends of stolons and rhizomes are called _____

A

Tubers

81
Q

Most monocot stems do not have a vascular cambium nor cork cambium and therefore are not capable of ______.

A

secondary growth

82
Q

rhizomes

A

In botany and dendrology, a rhizome is a modified subterranean plant stem that sends out roots and shoots from its nodes. Rhizomes are also called creeping rootstalks or just rootstalks. Rhizomes develop from axillary buds and grow horizontally. The rhizome also retains the ability to allow new shoots to grow upwards

83
Q

Vascular ray

A

: a band of usually parenchymatous cells extending from the cambium into both the xylem and phloem of a plant root or stem that conducts fluids radially and appears in a cross section like a spoke of a wheel

84
Q

Swollen underground buds with adventitious roots are called _____

A

Bulbs

85
Q

Corm

A

A corm, bulbo-tuber, or bulbotuber is a short, vertical, swollen underground plant stem that serves as a storage organ that some plants use to survive winter or other adverse conditions such as summer drought and heat.

86
Q

cladophylls

A

Cladodes (also called cladophylls or phylloclades) are shoot systems in which leaves do not develop; rather, the stems become flattened and assume the photosynthetic functions of the plant

87
Q

Bulb

A

A large bud

88
Q

Thorns are what?

A

Modified stems

89
Q

lignin

A

Lignin is a class of complex organic polymers that form key structural materials in the support tissues of most plants. It is what gives the wood its strength

90
Q

lignin

A

Lignin is a class of complex organic polymers that form key structural materials in the support tissues of most plants. It is what gives the wood its strength

91
Q

What are cladophylls?

A

Stems that look like leaves

92
Q

spines are what?

A

modified stipules at the base of a plant leaf

93
Q

stipules

A

n botany, a stipule is an outgrowth typically borne on both sides of the base of a leafstalk. Stipules are considered part of the anatomy of the leaf of a typical flowering plant, although in many species they may be inconspicuous —or sometimes entirely absent, and the leaf is then termed exstipulate.

94
Q

Once the water is removed, what are the main components of wood?

A

lignin

cellulose

Botany (7 decks)

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