Chapter 6 Stems Flashcards
node
(nohd) region of a stem where one or more leaves are attached
internode
(in′tur-nohd) a stem region between nodes
blade
(blayd) the conspicuous flattened part of a leaf (also called lamina) or seaweed
petiole
(pet′ee-ohl) the stalk of a leaf
stipule
(stip′yool) one of a pair of appendages of varying size, shape, and texture present at the base of the leaves of some plants
deciduous
(duh-sij′yu-wuss) shedding leaves annually
bundle scar
(bun′dul skahr) a small scar left by a vascular bundle within a leaf scar when
the leaf separates from its stem through abscission
primordium
(pry-mord′ee-um) an organ or structure (e.g., leaf, bud) at its earliest stage of development
protoderm
(proh′tuh-durm) the primary meristem that gives rise to the epidermis
procambium
(proh-kam′bee-um) a primary meristematic tissue that differentiates into primary xylem and phloem
ground meristem
(grownd mair′i-stem) meristem that produces all the primary tissues other than the epidermis and stele (e.g., cortex, pith)
pith
(pith) central tissue of a dicot stem and certain roots; it usually consists of parenchyma cells that become proportionately less of the volume of woody plants as cambial activity increases the organ′s girth
cortex
(kor′teks) a primary tissue composed mainly of parenchyma; the tissue usually extends between the epidermis and the vascular tissue
leaf gap
(leef gap) a parenchyma-filled interruption in a stem′s cylinder of vascular tissue immediately above the point at which a branch of vascular tissue (leaf trace) leading to a leaf occurs
bud gap
(buhd gap) thumbnail-shaped opening in the cylinder of vascular tissue
vascular cambium
(vas′kyu-lur kam′bee-um) a narrow, cylindrical sheath of cells that produces secondary xylem and phloem in stems and roots
cork cambium
(kork kam′bee-um) a narrow cylindrical sheath of cells between the exterior of a woody root or stem and the central vascular tissue; it produces cork to its exterior and phelloderm to its interior; it is also called phellogen
phellogen
(fel′uh-jun) see cork cambium
cork cell
(kork sel) cell produced to the outside of the cork cambium
suberin
(soo′buh-rin) a fatty substance found primarily in the cell walls of cork and the Casparian strips of endodermal cells
phelloderm
(fel′uh-durm) tissue produced to the inside of the cork cambium
increment borer
(in′kruh-muhnt bawr′er) drill that is inserted into a tree to determine its widest girth
annual ring
(an′you-ul ring) a single season’s production of xylem (wood) by the vascular cambium
lenticel
(lent′uh-sel) one of usually numerous, slightly raised, somewhat spongy groups of cells in the bark of woody plants; lenticels permit gas exchange between the interior of a plant and the external atmosphere
Dendroclimatology
Dendroclimatology is the science of determining past climates from trees.
stele
(steel) the central cylinder of tissues in a stem or root; usually consists primarily of xylem and phloem
cotyledon
(kot-uh-lee′dun) an embryo leaf (“seed leaf”) that usually either stores or absorbs food
dicotyledon
(dy-kot-uh-lee′dun) a class of angiosperms whose seeds commonly have two cotyledons; frequently abbreviated to dicot
monocotyledon
(mon-oh-kot-uh-lee′dun) a class of angiosperms whose seeds have a single cotyledon; commonly abbreviated to monocot
angiosperms
Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits
vascular bundle
(vas′kyu-lur bun′dul) a strand of tissue composed mostly of xylem and phloem and usually enveloped by a bundle sheath
vascular ray
(vas′kyu-lur ray) a row of vascular tissue that extends horizontally across a stem
heartwood
(hahrt′wood) nonliving, usually darker-colored wood whose cells have ceased to function in water conduction
sapwood
(sap′wood) outer layers of wood that transport water and minerals in a tree trunk; sapwood is usually lighter in color than heartwood
laticifer
(luh-tis′uh-fur) specialized cells or ducts resembling vessels; they form branched networks of latex-secreting cells in the phloem and other parts of plants
rhizome
(ry′zohm) an underground stem, usually horizontally oriented, that may be superficially rootlike in appearance but that has definite nodes and internodes
runner
(run′ur) a stem that grows horizontally along the surface of the ground; typically has long internodes; see also stolon
stolon
(stoh′lun) a stem that grows vertically below the surface of the ground; it typically has relatively long internodes; see also runner
tuber
(t(y)oo′bur) a swollen, fleshy underground stem (e.g., white potato)
bulb
(buhlb) an underground food-storage organ that is essentially a modified bud consisting of fleshy leaves that surround and are attached to a small stem
cladophyll
(klad′uh-fil) a flattened stem that resembles a leaf; also called phylloclade
tendril
(ten′dril) a slender structure that coils on contact with a support of suitable diameter; it usually is a modified leaf or leaflet and aids the plant in climbing
Trees that exhibit indeterminate growth can do what
Grow longer at their branch tips
Grow bigger around
How do plants grow at their tips?
Cells in apical meristems divide and add cells to the tip.
Which primary meristem gives rise to the epidermis in stems?
protoderm
Some plants have the ability to grow larger throughout their lifetime through ______.
indeterminate growth
Where are apical meristems located in stems?
At the tips
What type of cells does the ground meristem make?
parenchyma
The vascular cambium can produce secondary phloem for the purpose of conducting food throughout the plant. What types of secondary phloem cells does vascular cambium produce?
companion cells
sieve tube members
ground meristem
: the part of a primary apical meristem remaining after differentiation of protoderm and procambium.
What survival strategies do bristlecone pines use to live for thousands of years?
Only a small fraction of the wood in their trunks is alive, reducing the amount of energy needed to sustain the tree.
They grow only on outcrops of dolomite.
Their wood is dense and filled with resin, making it difficult for microbes to attack the trees.
determinate growth
Determinate growth can be considered ‘constitutive’ if it occurs under any environmental condition
Indeterminate growth
In biology and botany, indeterminate growth is growth that is not terminated in contrast to determinate growth that stops once a genetically pre-determined structure has completely formed.
Primary Growth
Allows stems to grow in length
Secondary Growth
Allows stems to grow in girth
The vascular cambium produces ______.
phloem to the outside and xylem to the inside
What types of secondary xylem cells does vascular cambium produce?
vessel elements
fibers
tracheids
Cork cells that die shortly after they are formed by the meristem are called the cork ____
cambium
Primary xylem and phloem typically form a stele in the stem. The simplest form is called a
_____ with the phloem surrounding the xylem at the core of the stem. Most plants have a
_____, in which xylem and phloem are arranged in vascular bundles.
Blank 1: protostele
Blank 2: eustele
Increment borer
The Increment Borer is essential for extracting a core of wood from trees, logs, poles or timbers. The core extracted is used for many purposes including determination of growth rate, age, tree soundness, penetration of chemicals in the wood treating business, and specific gravity studies of wood.
Why do some tropical trees produce wood that is ungrained, uniform wood?
The trees are actively growing all year, so no annual rings are produced.
spring wood
secondary xylem with relatively large vessel elements and fewer tracheids
summer wood
secondary xylem with smaller vessel elements and more tracheids
protostele
solid core of conducting tissue, typically with phloem surrounding xylem
eustele
primary xylem and phoem arranged in vascular bundles.
What types of secondary xylem cells are produced by the vascular cambium?
vessel elements
tracheids
What produces an annual ring in a tree?
Spring wood in trees has bigger xylem cells, and summer wood has smaller xylem cells. This results in alternating bands that display annual growth.
What type of cells make up the bulk of a tree trunk?
secondary xylem
eustele
: a stele typical of dicotyledonous plants that consists of vascular bundles of xylem and phloem strands with parenchymal cells between the bundles.
protostele
(ˈproʊtəˌstil ; ˈproʊtoʊˌstili ) noun. a simple, primitive arrangement of conducting tissues in stems and roots of certain lower plants, consisting of a solid cylinder of xylem surrounded by a layer of phloem
What type of cell makes up vascular rays?
parenchyma
Sapwood
sapwood, also called alburnum, outer, living layers of the secondary wood of trees, which engage in transport of water and minerals to the crown of the tree.
Bark
all the tissues outside the cambium.
heartwood
heartwood, also called duramen, dead, central wood of trees. Its cells usually contain tannins or other substances that make it dark in colour and sometimes aromatic. Heartwood is mechanically strong, resistant to decay, and less easily penetrated by wood-preservative chemicals than other types of wood.
True or false: Most monocots have secondary growth, and can attain great sizes just like dicots.
False
What type of cells make up the bulk of a tree trunk?
secondary xylem
Horizontal stems that grow underground are called _____
rhizomes
The term runner is sometimes used synonymously with which term?
Stolon
Stolon
In biology, stolons, also known as runners, are horizontal connections between organisms. They may be part of the organism, or of its skeleton; typically, animal stolons are external skeletons.
Swollen modified stems that store carbohydrates and are usually found on the ends of stolons and rhizomes are called _____
Tubers
Most monocot stems do not have a vascular cambium nor cork cambium and therefore are not capable of ______.
secondary growth
rhizomes
In botany and dendrology, a rhizome is a modified subterranean plant stem that sends out roots and shoots from its nodes. Rhizomes are also called creeping rootstalks or just rootstalks. Rhizomes develop from axillary buds and grow horizontally. The rhizome also retains the ability to allow new shoots to grow upwards
Vascular ray
: a band of usually parenchymatous cells extending from the cambium into both the xylem and phloem of a plant root or stem that conducts fluids radially and appears in a cross section like a spoke of a wheel
Swollen underground buds with adventitious roots are called _____
Bulbs
Corm
A corm, bulbo-tuber, or bulbotuber is a short, vertical, swollen underground plant stem that serves as a storage organ that some plants use to survive winter or other adverse conditions such as summer drought and heat.
cladophylls
Cladodes (also called cladophylls or phylloclades) are shoot systems in which leaves do not develop; rather, the stems become flattened and assume the photosynthetic functions of the plant
Bulb
A large bud
Thorns are what?
Modified stems
lignin
Lignin is a class of complex organic polymers that form key structural materials in the support tissues of most plants. It is what gives the wood its strength
lignin
Lignin is a class of complex organic polymers that form key structural materials in the support tissues of most plants. It is what gives the wood its strength
What are cladophylls?
Stems that look like leaves
spines are what?
modified stipules at the base of a plant leaf
stipules
n botany, a stipule is an outgrowth typically borne on both sides of the base of a leafstalk. Stipules are considered part of the anatomy of the leaf of a typical flowering plant, although in many species they may be inconspicuous —or sometimes entirely absent, and the leaf is then termed exstipulate.
Once the water is removed, what are the main components of wood?
lignin
cellulose
