Chapter 8 - Everyday memory Flashcards
Saying-is-believing effect
Tailoring a message about an event to suit a given audience causes subsequent inaccuracies in memory for that event.
Autobiographical memory
Long-term memory for the events of one’s own life.
Mentalising
The ability to perceive and interpret behaviour in terms of mental states (e.g., goals, needs).
Highly superior autobiographical memory (HSAM)
Exceptional ability to recall autobiographical memories in detail, generally accompanied by only average ability to recall other memories.
Flashbulb memories
Vivid and detailed personal memories of dramatic events (e.g., 9/11)
Flashbacks
Intense emotional memories of traumatic events that are recalled involuntarily by patients suffering from PTSD.
Infantile amnesia
The inability of adults to recall autobiographical memories from early childhood; also known as childhood amnesia.
Reminiscence bump
The tendency of older people to recall a disproportionate number of autobiographical memories from adolescence and early adulthood.
Hippocampal neurogenesis
The process of generating new neurons in the hippocampus during early development.
Life script
A schema-based on cultural expectations concerning the nature and order of a typical person’s major life events.
Generative retrieval
Deliberate or voluntary construction of autobiographical memories based on an individual’s current goals
Directive retrieval
Effortless recall of autobiographical memories triggered by a specific cue (e.g., being in the same place as the original event)
Confirmation bias
A tendency for eyewitnesses’ memory to be distorted by their prior expectations.
Misinformation effect
The distorting effect on eyewitness memory of misleading information resented after a crime or other event.
Weapon focus effect
The finding that eyewitnesses pay so much attention to the presence of a weapon that they ignore other details and so cannot remember them subsequently.
Own-age bias
The tendency for eyewitnesses to identify the culprit more often when they are of similar age to the eyewitness than when they are of a different age.
Unconscience transference
The tendency of eyewitnesses to misidentify a familiar (but innocent) face as being the person responsible for a crime.
Other-race effect
The finding that recognition memory for same-race faces is generally more accurate than for other-race faces.
Retrospective memory
Memory for events, people and so on experienced in the past; see prospective memory
Prospective memory
Remembering to carry out some intended action in the absence of an explicit reminder to do so; see retrospective memory.
Time-based prospective memory
A form of prospective memory which involves remembering to carry out an intended action at the appropriate time.
Event-based prospective memory
A form of prospective memory that involves remembering to perform an intended action (buying groceries) when the circumstances are appropriate.
Ongoing task
A task performed at the same time as a prospective-memory task in studies on prospective memory.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
An anxiety disorder in which the symptoms include unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviours (compulsions) in response to those thoughts.
Meta-memory
Beliefs and knowledge about one’s own memory including strategies for learning and memory.
Focal task
An ongoing task that involves similar processing to that involved in encoding the target in a prospective-memory task performed at the same time.
Non-focal task
An ongoing task that involves different processes to those involved in encoding the target on a prospective-memory task performed at the same time.
Meta-cognition
Beliefs and knowledge concerning one’s own cognitive processes and likely level of performance.
Implementation intentions
Action plans designed consciously to achieve some goal (healthier eating) based on specific information concerning where, when and how the goal will be achieved.
