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Global Health Exam II > Chapter 8 - Environmental Context of Health > Flashcards

Chapter 8 - Environmental Context of Health Flashcards

1
Q

Miasma theory of disease vs germ theory

A

focus in the 19th century

Spontaneous generation of disease

Urban crowding lack of sanitation

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2
Q

19th – > 20th century

A

Environmental health shifted from social and environmental risk factors to focus on infectious agents and genes

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3
Q

20th century –> 21 century

A

Exploration of many social, behavioral, environmental, and biological contributors to health and disease

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4
Q

What killed more children every year than AIDS, malaria, and measles

A

Dirty water

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5
Q

Drinking water.

Access to water requires:

A 
Quality
Quantity
Proximity
Reliability
Cost
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6
Q

Minimum water per person per day FOR SURVIVAL

A

4/5 gallons = 15-20 liters

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7
Q

How many liters for drinking?

A

1-3 liters

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8
Q

how many liters for food prep?

A

2-3 liters

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9
Q

how many liters for cleanliness

A

6-7 liters

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10
Q

how many liters for laundry?

A

4-6 liters

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11
Q

How many gallons per person per day for HEALTHY LIVING

A

13 gallons

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12
Q

Improved drinking water sources

A 
Piped water into home or yard 
Borehole/ tube well
Standpipe/ public tap 
Protected dug well 
Protected spring
Rainwater collection
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13
Q

Unimproved drinking water sources

A 
Unprotected well 
Unprotected spring 
Surface water 
Water from vendors 
Some bottled water ***
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14
Q

Water source

A

only 2.5% of world’s water is fresh water

2/3 of freshwater is in glaciers

70% of fresh water is used for agricultural use

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15
Q

Sanitation

A

About 1/2 of the people in low-income countries practice open defecation

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16
Q

Factors contributing to diarrhea

A

Fingers, field, flies, fluid, feces, food

17
Q

Improved sanitation facilities

A 
connection to a public sewer system 
connection to a septic system 
pour-flush lactrine
Ventilated-improved pit lactrine 
Composting toilet
Simple pit latrine
18
Q

Unimproved sanitation

A 
Open pit latrine 
Pour/flush toilet that drains to the street 
Public or shared latrine 
Bucket or bag 
Open defecation
19
Q

Open defecation

A

About 50% of people who live in developing countries

20
Q

Access to electricity

A

Only 80% of the world’s population have electricity in their homes

21
Q

Proportion of the rural and urban population with access to electricity in 2008

A

Kenya, Sierra Leone and India has lower proportion than other countries

22
Q

Global work environment

A

Each year, nearly 300 mil workers miss at least 4 days due to on job injury

23
Q

How many people die as a result of job-related diseases and injuries?

A

2 mil/year

24
Q

Toxicology

A

Study of harmful effects that chemicals and other environmental hazards have on living things

25
Q

Carcinogens

A

Cause cancer

26
Q

Teratogens

A

Cause birth defects

27
Q

Environmental risk factors

A

Are major risk factors in the global burden of disease

Such as unsafe water, hygiene and excreta disposal, outdoor air pollution, and indoor air pollution

28
Q

Central of the Millennial Development Goals

A

Addressing environmental health

29
Q

Key environmental health burdens

A

Indoor air pollution
Outdoor air pollution
Sanitation, water, and hygiene

30
Q

Burden of environmentally related disease

A

Indoor smoke from household use of solid fuels - 3.7%

Unsafe water, sanitation, and hygiene - 3.2%

Urban air pollution - 1.5%

31
Q

Environmental health problems

A
  1. 4 % of the total deaths in environmentally related disease
  2. 2% of their total burden of disease

Burden of disease affects poor disproportionately

Negative consequences on productivity

Young children especially at risk

32
Q

How to improve outdoor air pollution?

A

Eliminate lead and two stroke engines, shift to Liquefied Natural Gas

33
Q

How to improve indoor air pollution?

A

Improve stove and switch to Kerosene

34
Q

How to improve sanitation?

A

Implement low-cost sanitation and behavior change

35
Q

How to improve water supply?

A

Promote better hygiene and implement appropriate water systems

36
Q

How to improve hygiene?

A

Enhance knowledge and practice of hygiene and hand washing

Global Health Exam II (5 decks)

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