Chapter 6 - Health of Younger Adults Flashcards
Health risk profile for young adults
Varies by sex and world region
Common concerns for health in early adulthood
Mental health
Injuries
Infectious disease (including HIV)
Reproductive health
Top 5 causes of morbidity and mortality in adolescents worldwide, by sex and age, in 2004
Mental issues (Unipolar depressive disorders, bipolar, schizophrenia) are top causes of illness and disability for FEMALES Alcohol use and violence are the leading issues of disability in MALE only
Self-inflicted injuries, road traffic accidents, violence (only male) , and fire related death (ONLY FEMALES) are leading causes of death for both females and males)
Mental and behavioral health disorders
Account for at least 12% of the global burden of disease
Commit suide
10-20 mil attempted a suide but only 1 mil succeeded
Neuropsychiatric conditions
the leading cause of disability for young adults in every region of the world
- Depression
- Bipolar disorder
- Schizophrenia
Mental healthcare services are extremely underused
Healthcare resources
China, Brazil and USA have more psychiatrists per 100,000 people compared to South Korea, Poland, India, Kenya, and Sierra Leone
Injuries
Men have higher likelihood than women of death generally and death due to injuries in part because of hazardous occupations and risk behaviors
Injuries in women
Women are more likely to be victims of domestic violence
All countries we are studying have declining probably of a 15 year old dying before age 60, except
Kenya
Male have generally higher annual death rate per 10,000 people for specific injury related causes worldwide, except of
Fires-related injuries
Prebirth and infancy violence against women
Sex-selective abortion
Effects of battering during pregnancy on birth outcomes
Female infanticide
Girlhood violence
Physical,sexual, and psychological abuse by family members
Female genital mutilation
Forced sexual initiation (including child marriage)
Child prostitution and pornography
Adolescence and adulthood
Physical, sexual, psychological abuse by family members
Dating and courtship violence (acid throwing or date rape)
Intimate partner abuse
Forced prostitution
Nonpartner coerced sex, including rape
Sex
Biological classification (XX/XY)
Gender
Social, cultural, psychological aspects of being male or female
Gender roles: cultural beliefs about how men and women should behave
Men are more likely than women to
have lung, bladder, mouth, esophageal, stomach, liver diseases/ cancer
die from traffic accidents, poisonings, falls, drowning, violence, and war
infected with tropical infections like trypanosomiasis (flies), and schistosomiasis (water)
commit suicide and have drug disorders
TB and COPD
Women are more likely than men to have
cancers of reproductive system
Sexual transmitted infections
Fires related deaths
Mental health disorders
Vision problems related to glaucoma
Alzheimer’s and other dementias
Diabetes
Musculoskeletal disorders
Autoimmune disease like Lupus
Iron deficiency
Live to very old age
HPV 6 & 11
Cause 90% of genital warts
HPV 16 & 18
70% of cervical cancer
40%-50% of vulvar cancer and 70% of vaginal cancer
Reproductive health
is important for both women and men
about 350,000 women die worldwide per year as a result of pregnancy or childbirth
women in sub-saharan Africa are 140x more likely to die than the US, Canada, or Europe
Obstetric fistula
Is a hole between the vagina and rectum or bladder that is caused by prolonged obstructed labor, leaving a woman incontinent of urine or feces or both
Lifetime risk of death due to pregnancy related causes
Sierra Leone - 1 in every 23
Kenya - 1 in every 55
USA - 1 in every 2400
Preventive interventions for Maternal Mortality
Family planning/birth spacing
Antiretroviral drugs for women with HIV infection
Iron and folic acid supplements
Malaria treatment to prevent or treat anemia
Calcium supplements
Tetanus toxoid immunization
Diagnosis and treatment of medical conditions that could complicate a healthy pregnancy: diabetes, heart disease, anemia, and asthma
Treatment interventions
Detection and management of pregnancy complications such as pre-eclampsia
Antibiotics for premature rupture of membranes to prevent sepsis
Skilled attendants during labor, delivery, and the postpartum stage
Early detection of postpartum maternal complications such as hemorrhage
Early referral to professional obstetric care for women experiencing maternal complications during pregnancy, labor, delivery, or after delivery
Family planning
Women and babies are generally healthier when women have fewer pregnancies and children are spaced apart
Contraceptives use
Highest in China and lowest in Sierra Leona
Abortion
Is not a form of contraception since it does not prevent pregnancy
Fertility
Gravidity - Total number of pregnancies
Fertility - total number of births (live births + still births)
Parity - total number of live births
Fertility rates
High-income countries have lower fertility rates than lower-income countries
Total fertility rates
Kenya has the highest (higher than Sierra Leone) even tho Sierra Leone has lower rate of using contraceptive methods
Malthusian catastrophes
Famine, epidemics, and war due to overpopulation
Ecological footprint
the per capita area of land needed to meet a population’s consumption patterns
USA has the highest number of ecological footprint of consumption
Population policies
The goal of population planning policies is to promote a population growth rate in line with desired demographic and socioeconomic profiles
