Chapter 7 - Noncommunicable diseases

Question 1

Age 60+

Answer 1

2010: 700 million
2050: 2 billion

Question 2

Age 80+

Answer 2

2010: 100 million
2050: 400 million

Question 3

Proportion and absolute numbers

Answer 3

About 2/3 of older adults live in the lower income countries, and that proportion is increasing

Question 4

Cardiovascular diseases

Answer 4

More than 1/3 off older men and women die of cardiovascular disease

Ischemia: too little blood flow, often due to atherosclerosis

Ischemia in heart : heart attacks
Ischemia in brain: stroke (hemorrhage)

Question 5

Cancer

Answer 5

About 1/6 older adults worldwide dies of cancer (neoplasms)

People in high income countries are at increased risk of developing cancer

More people live in low income than high income areas, so most people with cancer live in low-income countries

People with cancer in low-income countries have lower survival rates

Question 6

Cancer

Answer 6

Worldwide: Lung, stomach, and colon/rectum cancers for both men and women

Worldwide:
For men only: esophagus and liver
For women only: breast and cervix

United states:
For men: Lung, colorectum, prostate
For women: lung, colorectum, and breast

Question 7

Chronic lung disease

Answer 7

Nearly 10% of older adults WORLDWIDE die of (COPD) - chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma

Risk factors include age, tobacco smoke, and air pollution

Question 8

Diabetes

Answer 8

Prevalence of type 2 diabetes is increasing in both low-income and high-income countries

Question 9

Sensory impairment

Blindness/low vision

Answer 9

> 300 mil people worldwide
Cataracts
Glaucoma: increased eyeball pressure causes loss of peripheral vision
Macular degeneration: loss of central worldwide

Question 10

Deaf/ difficulty in hearing

Answer 10

> 250 mil people worldwide

Question 11

Vision and hearing disorders

Answer 11

Responsible for more than10% of the disability among adults age 60+

Question 12

Relationship between impairments and disabilities( activity limitations and participation restriction)

Answer 12

Personal and social factors 
\+
Environmental factors
\+
Impairment of body structures (anatomy or function; physiology)
= Disabilities

Question 13

Disability considerations

Answer 13

Ability to complete activities of daily living

Available resources

Duration of impairment

Question 14

Activities of Daily Living (Self care)

Answer 14

Toileting, hygiene, ambulating, dressing, eating

Question 15

Activities of Daily Living (independence)

Answer 15

Shopping, transportation, accounting, Housekeeping, Food preparation

Question 16

Dementia

Answer 16

> 25 million adults worldwide have dementia

About 5% - 10% of the disability in adults ages 60+is due to dementia

Question 17

Analysis for screening

Answer 17

Know SENSITIVITY, SPECIFICITY, PPV (POSITIVE PREDICTIVE VALUE), AND NPV (NEGATIVE PREDICTIVE VALUE) *draw the pivot table with labelings

Question 18

Aging index

Answer 18

of old people / 100 children

Question 19

Dependency ratio

Answer 19

of children and old people/ 1 working person

Question 20

Elderly support ratio

Answer 20

of working people / 100 old people