Chapter 8- Energy Flashcards
What is kinetic and potential energy?
Kinetic energy: The energy of motion
Potential energy: The potential an object has to move
What is the first law of thermodynamics?
The energy of the universe is constant and energy can be transferred/transformed but not created or destroyed
What is the second law of thermodynamics?
Every energy transfer/transformation increases the disorder of the universe
What is free energy change?
The portion of a systems energy that can do work, it is the measure of a systems instability
Interpret and apply energy diagrams to chemical reactions and free energy change
release of energy comes from chemical change to a state of lower free energy
What are endergonic and exergonic reactions?
Endergonic: Absorb free energy from their surroundings and are non-spontaneous
Exergonic: Release free energy into their surroundings and are spontaneous
What is equilibrium in relation to chemical reactions?
Equilibrium is the maximum stability of a system, reactions in a closed system will eventually reach equilibrium
What are open and closed systems?
Open: energy and matter can be transferred between the system and its surroundings
Closed: Isolated from its surroundings
What is the relationship of ATP and its regeneration?
ATP is composed of ribose and adenine and three phosphate groups
ATP is a renewable source that is regenerated by addition of a phosphate group of ADP
What is the function of enzymes?
Enzymes speed up metabolic reactions by lowering active energy barriers; they do not affect the change in free energy
What is substrate specificity?
The reactant that an enzyme acts on is called the enzyme substrate, the enzyme binds to its substrate; the active site is where the substrate binds
What is induced fit mechanism of enzyme catalysis?
Brings chemical groups of the active site into positions that enhance their ability to catalyze the reaction
What is the effect of pH and temperature on enzyme activity?
Each enzyme has a pH and temperature in which it can function at optimal regulations
For more acidic enzymes (like acids), an optimal pH is around 2 and temperature for typical human enzyme is about 38 Celsius
What is feedback inhibition?
The end product of a metabolic pathway goes down the pathway
Prevents a cell from wasting chemical resources by synthesizing more product than is needed
