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Radiation Protection > Chapter 8 Early Tissue Reactions > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Early Tissue Reactions Flashcards

1
Q

When biologic effects of radiation occur relatively soon after humans receive high doses of ionizing radiation, the biologic responses demonstrated are referred to as?

A

Early effects

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2
Q

Are effects upon the body that was it irradiated?

A

Somatic effects

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3
Q

Are effects upon future generations due to the irradiation of germ cells in previous generations?

A

Genetic effects

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4
Q

If the consequences include cell killing and are directly related to the dose received, they are called?

A

Somatic tissue reactions

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5
Q

early tissue reactions may appear within?

A

Minutes, hours, days, weeks

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6
Q

Nausea, fatigue, erythema, epilation, blood disorders, intestinal disorders, fever, dry and moist desquamation, depressed sperm count in males, temporary or permanent sterility in the male and female, injury time CNS are all examples of?

A

High radiation dose effects

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7
Q

Are caused by damage to the sensitive epithelial tissue lining the intestines.

A

Intestinal disorders

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8
Q

When whole body exposure of______ of ionizing radiation, many manifestations of organic damage occur soon after that and in succession.

A

6 GYt

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9
Q

Early tissue reactions are known as_________ syndrome?

A

Acute radiation syndrome

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10
Q

Occurs in humans after large whole body doses of ionizing radiation delivered over a short period (several hours to a few days).

A

Acute radiation syndrome (ARS)

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11
Q

Three separate dose related syndromes or conditions occurs as a part of ARS include?

A

Hematopoietic syndrome
Gastrointestinal syndrome
Cerebrovascular syndrome

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12
Q

“Bone marrow syndrome” occurs when people receive whole body doses of ionizing radiation ranging from 1 to 10 GYt

A

Hematopoietic syndrome

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13
Q

Manufacturers the corpuscular elements of the blood and is the most radio sensitive vital organ system in humans

A

Hematopoietic system

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14
Q

Death may occur 6 to 8 weeks after irradiation in some susceptible human subjects who receive a whole body dose just exceeding 2 GYt but whole body exposure dose increases from 2 to 10 GYt all irradiated individuals will die in a shorter period and with range of 1-2 GYt bone marrow cells will eventually repopulate to a level adequate to support life in most individuals.

A

Hematopoietic system

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15
Q

From _____________ people recover from 3 weeks to 6 months after irradiation.

A

Hematopoietic syndrome

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16
Q

Appears at a threshold dose of approximately 6 GYt and peaks after a dose of 10 GYt.

A

Gastrointestinal syndrome

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17
Q

Exposers personas reviewing doses of ________ may die 3 to 10 days after being exposed.

A

6-10 GYt

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18
Q

A few hours after the dose required to cause GI syndrome has been received, the _____ or beginning stage occurs. Severe ________________ persist for as long as 24 hours

A

Prodromal
Nausea vomiting diarrhea

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19
Q

for GI syndrome after the prodromal stage it is the ________which may last for several days and during this time, outward symptoms disappear then the __________ follows after stage of calm

A

Latent period
Manifest illness

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20
Q

For ________ :manifest illness a subject experiences: severe nausea vomiting diarrhea fever fatigue loss of appetite lethargy anemia leukopenia hemorrhage infection electrolyte imbalance emaciation

A

GI syndrome

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21
Q

———— occurs primarily as a result of catastrophic damage to the epithelial cells that line the GI tract.

A

Fatality

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22
Q

________ is the most severely affected part of the GI tract.

A

Small intestine

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23
Q

When the CNS and cardiovascular system receive dose of ______ GYt , _________ occurs

A

50
Cerebrovascular syndrome

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24
Q

A dose of 50 GYt can cause ______ withering a few hours to 2 or 3 days after exposure.

A

Death

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25
Q

For cerebrovascular syndrome the ________ stage happens right after irradiation and symptoms include: excessive nervousness, confusion, severe nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, loss of vision, burning sensation of skin, loss of consciousness.

A

Prodromal

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26
Q

For cerebrovascular syndrome the _______ period can last up to 12 hours and during this time symptoms lessen or disappear and then the ________ stage begins which the severe symptoms are:
Disorientation and shock, period of agitation alternating with stupor, ataxia, edema in cranial vault, loss of equilibrium, fatigue, lethargy, convulsive seizures, electrolytic imbalance, meningitis, prostration, respiratory distress, vasculitis, coma.

A

Latent
Manifest illness

27
Q

Final result of cerebrovascular syndrome damage is the failure of the _______ which brings _____ in a matter of minutes.

A

CNS and cardiovascular system
Death

28
Q

Term LD 50/30 signifies whole body radiation that can be lethal to 50% of the ______ within 30_______.

A

Population
Days

29
Q

Regardless of treatment, whole body equivalent dose greater than ______ are considered fatal.

A

12 GYt

30
Q

In repair of sublethal damage, oxygenated cells, which as a result, receive more nutrients, allow for _______ prospect or recovery than do hypoxic or poorly oxygenated cells that receive fewer nutrients.

A

Greater

31
Q

When it comes to both categories are closed to comparable dose of low LET radiation, ______ cells are more severely damage.

A

Oxygenated

32
Q

_______ cells do not repair and recover as efficiently.

A

Hypoxic

33
Q

Significant cell death usually results, leading to the ______ of organs and tissues, a process referred to as ______.

A

Shrinkage
Atrophy

34
Q

_______ organs and tissues can lose their ability to function, or may recover

A

Atrophied

35
Q

Organ and tissue response to radiation exposure depend on factors such as:

A

Radio sensitivity
Reproductive characteristics
Growth rate

36
Q

Tissues that suffer immediate consequences from high radiation dose include:

A

Skin
Male and female reproductive organs
Bone marrow

37
Q

A significant reddening of the skin causes by excessive exposure to relatively low energy ionizing radiation that eventually led to cancerous lesions on the hands and finger.

A

Radiodermatitis

38
Q

Three important safety practices for radiographers findings from Rollins:

A

-Radio plaque glasses
-Enclose the X-ray tube in a protective housing and irradiate only areas of interest on the patient
-Covering adjacent areas with radio plaque materials

39
Q

Three layers of skin:

A

Epidermis (outer layer)
Dermis (middle, composed of connective tissue)
Hypodermis (subcutaneous layer of fat and connective tissue)

40
Q

______ % of the body surface skin cells are replaced daily by stem cells from underlying nasal layer

A

2

41
Q

Single absorbed dose of ____ GYt can cause radiation induced skin erythema within 24-48 hours after irradiation

A

2

42
Q

Or shedding of the outer layer of skin, occurs at higher radiation doses

A

Desquamation

43
Q

Generally manifests first as moist skin peeling, and then dry skin flaking may develop

A

Desquamation

44
Q

Caused by exposure to radiation since hair follicles are growing tissue.

A

Epilation (alopecia)

45
Q

Skin diseases such as ring worm were treated and successfully cured by irradiating the affected area with ________ (X-ray energy range of 10-20 kvp)

A

Grenz rays

46
Q

To deliver dose to the tumor, the _______ would unavoidably be significantly greater than the tumor dose.

A

Skin dose

47
Q

High energy gamma emitting isotopes such as cobalt 60 have historically been utilized to _______ while successfully treating non superficial cancers.

A

Spare skin dose

48
Q

Deposit the radiant energy to an overwhelming extent into an image guided volume that both enclosed the tumor and any microscopic extent of it and includes a small added margin while delver if a substantially lower dose to as much healthy surrounding tissue as possible this is called a

A

Planning target volume and concept is the therapeutic ratio

49
Q

Doses as low as____ can depress the male sperm population and this same dose as the potential to cause genetic mutations in future generations.

A

0.1 Gyt

50
Q

For females, a gonadal dose of ___ may delay or suppress menstruation.

A

0.1 GYt

51
Q

Irradiated human populations include:

A

Patients who have undergone radiation therapy.
Radiation accident victims
Volunteer convicts

52
Q

_________, the stem cells of the testes continually reproduce. They evolve and become______. The latter cells then multiply and develop into ______ that eventually differentiate and become __________ or sperm

A

Spermatogonia
Spermatocytes
Spermatids
Spermatozoa

53
Q

_______, the ovarian stem cells, multiply to millions of cells only during fetal development, before births, and then they steadily decline in number throughout life.

A

Oogonia

54
Q

During latter part of fetal development, the oogonia become encapsulated by numerous _________ that grow around then. The oogonia then becomes _______ which contain follicles that are neat of cells, some of which eventually mature during reproductive life of a women.

A

Primordial (primary) follicles
Oocytes

55
Q

As puberty begins, the developed ____ or mature female germ cells, within the follicles are ejected when the follicles themselves rupture. Usually one follicle will fully mature and more towards that surface of the ovary to be expelled and the others disintegrate.

A

Ova

56
Q

The __________ are the most radio sensitive and the small follicles are the least radio sensitive. _______ possess only a moderate degree of radio sensitivity

A

Intermediate size follicles
Large mature follicles

57
Q

When blood counts were used to monitor the effects of radiation exposure among those who worked with radiation,whole body radiation dose of _______ would be required to produce a measurable hematologic depression

A

0.25 GYt

58
Q

Life spans of each type of blood cell differs varying on average from only a few hours example (_________) to almost 120 days example (_________).

A

Lymphocytes
Erythrocytes

59
Q

Defined as the study of cell genetics with an emphasis on cell chromosomes.

A

Cytogenetics

60
Q

Cytogenetic analysis of chromosomes may be accomplished through the use of a chromosome map called a ______.

A

Karyotype

61
Q

Karyotype map consist of a photograph or __________ of human cell nucleus during metaphase when each chromosome can be individually perceived.

A

Photomicrograph

62
Q

Is constructed by extracting the individual chromosomes and pairing them on the map with their sister chromosomes.

A

Karyotype

63
Q

Is the phase of cell division in which chromosome damage caused by radiation exposure can be evaluated.

A

Metaphase

64
Q

Majority of chromosomal damage results from the process of _______ action of ionizing radiation on vital biologic macromolecules.

A

Indirect

Radiation Protection (11 decks)

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