Chapter 8 - Coding Endocrine Conditions Flashcards
Terminology
Thyroid gland
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A two-lobed gland located in the neck that reaches around the trachea laterally and connect anteriorly by an isthmus. The thyroid gland produces hormones used for metabolic function.
• two hormones secreted by this gland – triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) – are collectively known as thyroid hormone (TH).
Parathyroid glands
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Four small glands situated on the back of the thyroid gland that secrete parathyroid hormone.
Hypothyroidism
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A condition in which the thyroid converts energy more slowly than normal, resulting in an otherwise unexplained weight gain and fatigue.
Diabetes mellitus (DM)
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A chronic systemic disease that results from insulin deficiency or resistance and causes the body to improperly metabolize carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
Polydipsia
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Excessive thirst.
Polyuria
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Excessive urination.
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (IDDM)
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A sudden onset of insulin deficiency that may occur at any age but most often arises in childhood and adolescence; also known as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), juvenile diabetes or type 1.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)
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A form of diabetes mellitus with a gradual onset that may develop at any age but most often occurs in adults over the age of 40; also known as non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or type 2.
Dyslipidemia
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Abnormal lipoprotein metabolism.
Secondary diabetes mellitus
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Diabetes caused by medication or another condition or disease.
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)
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Usually a temporary diabetes mellitus occurring during pregnancy; however, such patients have an increased risk of later developing type 2 diabetes.
Hypoglycemics
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Prescription, non insulin medications designed to lower a patient’s glycemic level.
Hyperglycemia
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Abnormally high levels of glucose.
Hypoglycemia
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Abnormally low glucose levels.
Diabetes insipidus (DI)
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Is a disorder of water metabolism that is the result of in antidiuretic hormone (ADH) deficiency.
• intracranial neoplastic or metastatic lesions, hypophysectomy or other neurosurgery, or skull fractures or other head trauma that damages the neurohypophyseal structures can all incite DI.
Cushing’s syndrome
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A condition resulting from the hyperproduction of corticosteroids, most often caused by in adrenal cortex tumor or a tumor of the pituitary gland.
Cystic fibrosis (CF)
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Is a hereditary malfunction of the secretory glands.
• a defect in the CFTR gene affect the glands that produce mucus and sweat, resulting in the secretion of thick, sticky mucus and very salty sweat.
Hyperthyroidism
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also known as thyrotoxicosis, is a condition in which the thyroid secrete too many hormones, more than the body needs to function properly.
Graves’ disease
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(toxic diffuse goiter) is an autoimmune disorder. This malfunction of the immune system creates an antibody called thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI) that fixes itself to thyroid cells. TSI Then accelerates the overproduction of the thyroid hormone.
• bulging eyes
Thyroiditis
P. 200
Is an inflammation of the thyroid that causes thyroid hormones stored within the thyroid gland to leak out. Initially, the leakage can be identified by the increased hormone levels showing in the blood. If the leak continues, this can cause hyperthyroidism.
Diabetes signs and symptoms:
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- excessive thirst
- excessive appetite
- increased urination
- unusual weight change (loss or gain)
- fatigue
- nausea, vomiting
- blurred vision
- frequent vaginal infections (females)
- yeast infections (both males and females)
- dry mouth
- slow-healing sores or cuts
- itchy skin, especially in the groin or vaginal area
Hypoinsulinemia
Prevents the uptake of glucose by myocytes, causing a loss of inotropy and shock.
The ____________ ______________ gland transmits thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) to the thyroid, which then extracts iodine from the blood system to create two hormones.
(P. 198)
anterior pituitary
Other Disorders of the thyroid
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- Nontoxic goiter (Code Category E04)
- Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis (Code E06.3)
- Myxedema (type of hypothyroidism)(Code E03.9)
What are some factors that can cause diabetes insipidus?
P. 210
- intracranial neoplastic or metastatic lesions
- hypophysectomy or other neurosurgery
- skull fractures
- head trauma
- infection
body mass index (BMI)
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Is a calculation using an individual’s actual weight and current height to determine a workable measure of body fat.
Codes for reporting an abnormal weight loss or underweight conditions are listed in the ___________, _________, and _____________ ____________ _____ _____________ ____________ section of the ICD-10-CM.
(P. 214)
Symptoms, Signs, and Abnormal Clinical and Laboratory Findings
What type of lab test examines albumin levels in the urine?
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Quantitative lab test examine the levels of albumin in the patient’s urine
Gangrene
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Condition by with necrosis (tissue death) occurs as a result of lack of blood.
• when gangrene is not caught early enough, the resulting treatment to stop the spread of the necrosis is often amputation.
What are the possible effects of thyroid nodules?
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Thyroid nodule may stimulate the thyroid to become overactive.
Overweight
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Body Mass Index (BMI) of 25 to 29.9
Obesity
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Body Mass Index (BMI) of 30 to 38.9
Morbid Obesity
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Body Mass Index (BMI) over 39
The process of metabolization
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The chemicals in the digestive system portion out glucose in acids from the carbohydrates, fats, and proteins in the food.
Hyperchloremia
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Is an excessive levels of chloride anion in the blood and can cause tachycardia (rapid heartbeat), hypertension, dyspnea (shortness of breath), and agitation.
What does TSI stand for?
P. 200
Thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin
Wilson’s disease
An inherited disorder that causes too much copper to accumulate in the organs.
In Wilson’s disease, copper isn’t eliminated properly and instead accumulates, possibly to a life-threatening level. Symptoms typically begin between the ages of 12 and 23.
Symptoms:
Fatigue, lack of appetite or abdominal pain.
A yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eye (jaundice)
Golden-brown eye discoloration (Kayser-Fleischer rings)
Fluid buildup in the legs or abdomen.
Problems with speech, swallowing or physical coordination.
Uncontrolled movements or muscle stiffness.
Wolman’s disease
Is a congenital disease characterized by an impaired metabolism of the fats (lipids). It is the most severe type of lysosomal acid lipase deficiency. The lysomal acid lipase deficiency causes a buildup of lipids (fats) in body organs and calcium deposits in the adrenal glands.
Signs and Symptoms:
The symptoms of Wolman disease usually become apparent shortly after birth, usually during the first few weeks of life. Affected infants may develop bloating or swelling of the stomach (abdominal distention) and may have significant enlargement of the liver and spleen (hepatosplenomegaly). Scarring (fibrosis) of the liver may also occur. In some cases, fluid may accumulate in the abdominal cavity (ascites).
Infants with Wolman disease have serious digestive abnormalities including malabsorption, a condition in which the intestines fail to absorb nutrients and calories form food. Malabsorption associated with Wolman disease causes persistent and often forceful vomiting, frequent diarrhea, foul-smelling, fatty stools (steatorrhea) and malnutrition. Because of these digestive complications, affected infants usually fail to grow and gain weight at the expected rate for their age and sex (failure to thrive).
Enlargement of the liver and spleen and protrusion of the abdomen can cause umbilical hernia, a condition in which the contents of the stomach may push through an abnormal opening or tear in the abdominal wall near the bellybutton. Additional symptoms may also occur in Wolman disease including yellowing of the skin, mucous membranes and whites of the eyes (jaundice), a persistent low-grade fever, and poor muscle tone (hypotonia). Infants may exhibit delays in the development of motor skills.
Hunter’s Syndrome
(The condition is one type of a group of inherited metabolic disorders called mucopolysaccharidoses (MPSs). Hunter syndrome is also known as MPS II.)
Hunter syndrome is a very rare, inherited genetic disorder caused by a missing or malfunctioning enzyme. In Hunter syndrome, the body doesn’t have enough of the enzyme iduronate 2-sulfatase. This enzyme’s job is to break down certain complex molecules, and without enough of this enzyme, the molecules build up in harmful amounts.
Symptoms
Hunter syndrome symptoms vary and range from mild to severe. Symptoms aren’t present at birth, but often begin around ages 2 to 4 as the harmful molecules build up.
Signs and symptoms may include:
- An enlarged head
- Thickening of the lips
- A broad nose and flared nostrils
- A protruding tongue
- A deep, hoarse voice
- Abnormal bone size or shape and other skeletal irregularities
- A distended abdomen, as a result of enlarged internal organs
- Chronic diarrhea
- White skin growths that resemble pebbles
- Joint stiffness
- Aggressive behavior
- Stunted growth
- Delayed development, such as late walking or talking
Postprandial
occurring after a meal.
Gilbert’s Syndrome
Gilbert’s syndrome is an inherited condition that’s often discovered by accident, such as when someone has a blood test. It occurs due to a defect in the processing of bilirubin by the liver.
Symptoms: Requires a medical diagnosis
The syndrome may cause the skin and the whites of the eyes to have a yellow tinge due to the buildup
Typically no treatment is needed.
Vitiligo (vit-ih-LIE-go)
is a disease that causes the loss of skin color in blotches. The extent and rate of color loss from vitiligo is unpredictable. It can affect the skin on any part of your body. It may also affect hair and the inside of the mouth. Normally, the color of hair and skin is determined by melanin.
Treatment:Sunscreen, makeup, topical corticosteroids,phototherapy
