Chapter 5 - Coding Infectious Diseases Flashcards
Terminology
Infectious
P. 101
A condition that can be transmitted from one person to another.
Examples of transmission:
• personal contact
• handshake
• exchange of bodily fluids
• touch of a doorknob
Tuberculosis
P. 101
An infectious condition that causes small rounded swellings on mucous membranes throughout the body.
Pathogen
P. 101
Any agent that causes disease; a microorganism such as a bacterium or virus.
Infection
P. 101
• Invasion of pathogens into tissue cells. Pathogens successfully invades the body and begins to replicate.
▪ May be localized (e.g., a toe) ▪ Spread regionally (e.g., a leg) ▪ Become systemic (i.e., Throughout the entire body)
Colonization
P. 101
Multiplication of organisms that cause damage to cell structures and can remain localized in one area (such as an infected toe), spread to a larger area (such as infection of the foot and leg), or become systemic (spreading throughout the entire body).
Systemic
P. 102
Spread throughout the entire body.
Acute
P. 102
Severe; serious.
Inflammation
P. 102
The reaction of tissues to infection or injury; characterized by pain, swelling, and erythema.
Nosocomial
P. 102
A hospital-aquired condition; a condition that develops as a result of being in a health care facility.
Bacteria
P. 104
Single-celled microorganisms that cause disease.
- Bacilli or Bacillus - rod shaped
- Spirilla or Spirillum - spiral shaped
- Cocci or Coccus - dot-shaped
- Vibrio
Bacilli or Bacillus bacteria
P. 104
rod shaped bacteria; Are responsible for the development of diphtheria, tetanus, and tuberculosis, among others.
Spirilla or Spirillum bacteria
P. 104 and 105
spiral shaped bacteria; May cause cholera or syphilis.
Vibrio bacteria
Curved-rod shaped bacteria; is a gram-negative bacteria, several species of which can cause foodborne infection, Usually associated with eating undercooked Seafood. Typically found in saltwater, the species are facultative anaerobes that test positive for oxidase and do not form spores.
• Naturally live in certain Coastal Waters and are present in higher concentrations between May and October when water temperatures are warmer. (Oysters)
Viruses
P. 109
Microscopic particles that initiate disease, mimicking the characteristics of a particular cell; viruses can reproduce only within the body of the cell that they have invaded.
Influenza
P. 112
(Commonly called the flu); it is caused by Influenza A or B virus and can be transmitted by casual contact, such as a handshake or touching a contaminated doorknob.
Most common symptoms of Influenza (flu):
P. 112
- body or muscle aches
- chills
- cough
- fever
- headache
- sore throat
Shingles virus (herpes zoster or postherpetic neuralgia)
P. 113 and 115
Is an infection of the varicella-zoster virus – the same pathogen that causes chickenpox. Those patients who actually had chickenpox previously are at a greatest risk for developing this painful disease. Patients will feel a burning sensation or shooting pain, accompanied often by tingling or itching on only one side of the body.
The development of herpes zoster, later in life after having varicella virus or chickenpox as a child.
Rubeola
P. 113
A childhood illness, commonly referred to as measles, is very low because of the success of the measles vaccine.
Rubella
P. 114
An acute viral disease that can affect anyone of any age, is thought of by many to be a children’s disease known as the German Measles.
• While the symptoms are most often not more than a mild wrath, The health danger of rubella can be serious to a pregnant woman in her first trimester.
Herpes simplex virus
P. 114
Often referred to by the abbreviation HSV, is transmitted by direct contact between individuals. They are small vesicles (fluid-filled lesions) appear on reddened skin in clusters or groups, particularly in the mucous membranes.
Parasites
P. 116
Tiny living things that can invade and feed off other living things.
Fungi
P. 118
Group of organisms, including mold, yeast, and mildew, that cause infection; fungus(singular).
• the plural form of fungus
Asymptomatic
P. 124
No symptoms or manifestations.
• Is currently not exhibiting any signs or symptoms of the disease.
Positive Status
P. 124
Means that laboratory tests have confirmed that the patient does have the virus in his or her system (positive status).
Septicemia
P. 128
Generalized infection spread through the body by the bloodstream; blood infection.
Systematic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS)
P. 128
A definite physical reaction, such as fever, chills, Etc., to an unspecified pathogen.
Sepsis
P. 129
Condition typified By two or more systemic responses to infection; a specified pathogen.
Severe Sepsis
P. 129
A diagnosis of sepsis in combination with acute organ failure due to the septic condition.
• Sepsis with signs of acute organ dysfunction.
Septic Shock
P. 130
Severe Sepsis with hypotension; unresponsive to fluid resuscitation.
Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)
P. 133
The World Health Organization (WHO) Defines it as resistance of a microorganism to an antimicrobial medicine to which it was originally sensitive.
• AMR is caused by the overuse of antibiotics.
Clostridium difficile (C. diff)
P. 134
Is a spore-forming, gram-positive anaerobic bacillus that causes life-threatening diarrhea and that has been documented as causing about 250,000 infections each year, which have resulted in about 14,000 deaths.
Carbapenem- Resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE)
P. 134
Refers to a collection of microorganisms that have developed resistance to antibiotics.
The grouping, or family, includes:
• Klebsiella species
• Escherichia coli (E. coli)
Gonorrhea
P. 134
Is caused by the Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacterium And is most often transmitted by sexual contact. This microorganism replicates easily in the warm, moist areas of the reproductive tract, as well as in the mouth, throat, eyes, and anus.
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infection (MRSA)
P. 135
Is a bacterial staph infection that is essentially unaffected by certain antibiotics.
- MRSA is spread from one person to another by direct contact with the infection, such as touching a skin bump or infection that is draining pus. MRSA can be spread directly, for example, by touching an infected person’s Rash, or it can be spread indirectly, such as by touching a used bandage contaminated with MRSA or by sharing a towel or razor that has come in contact with infected skin.
- One of the most frequent anatomical sites of MRSA colonization is the nose; bacteria can be found in the nasal secretions.
Meningitis
P. 121
Is the inflammation of the meningeal membranes of the brain and/or the spinal cord.
• 6 can be caused by a bacterial pathogen. , such as meningococcus; however, it is more often the result of a viral infection.
The Human body is designed to alert the individual and the doctor to the existence of infection by exhibiting specific signs and symptoms:
(P. 101)
- Increased body temperature (Commonly known as a fever).
- Increased white blood cell count.
- Increase (tachycardia) or decrease (bradycardia) in heart rate.
- Increase (hyperventilation) or decrease (dyspnea) in respiratory rate.
These are methods of transportation for bacteria or viruses to travel from an infected person to another soon-to-be-infected person:
(P. 102 and 103)
- Touch exposure; physical interaction.
- Airborne exposure; pathogens travel in small particles that remain contagious in the air.
- Droplet exposure; can be dispersed in large droplets, such as those transmitted by coughing, spitting, talking, and sneezing.
- Contact exposure; skin-to-skin contact or skin to other surfaces.
- Needlestick/sharps injury exposure; when contaminated needles or other sharp objects penetrate the protective outer layer of skin.
- Insect bites; Zika is transmitted by mosquitoes, deer ticks transmit Lyme disease, and fleas spread the plague.
- Food and water; spread by ingestion of substances.
Impetigo
P. 105
Caused by either a streptococcal or a staphylococcal pathogen.
- common illness affecting children
- spreads through contact with fluid oozing from a bullous – or blister.
- is evidenced by the appearance of rings that can range from pea-size to large rings.
- they itch.
- these blisters may ooze yellow or honey-colored fluid and then crust.
- may have swollen lymph nodes, particularly in the body areas close to the infection site.
Clostridium botulinum
P. 105
An infection commonly called food poisoning.
• foodborne illness
Campylobacter
P. 106
Bacterial infection from foods including raw poultry, raw meat, untreated milk
• Code A04.5
Listeria
P. 106
Bacterial infection from untreated milk, Dairy products, raw salads and vegetables.
• Code A32-
Salmonella
P. 106
Bacterial infection from raw poultry, eggs, raw meat, untreated milk and Dairy products.
• Code A02.9
Shigella
P. 106
Bacterial infection from untreated water, milk and Dairy products, raw vegetables and salads, shellfish, turkey, apple cider.
• Code A03.-
Vibrio
P. 106
Bacterial infection from raw and lightly cooked shellfish and Oysters.
• Code A00.-
Clostridium perfringens
P. 106
Bacterial infection from animal and human excreta, soil, dust, insects, raw meat.
• Code B96.7
Escherichia coli (E. coli)
P. 106
Bacterial infection from human and animal gut, sewage, water, raw meat.
• Code A49.8
Cellulitis
P. 107
Is a serious infection of the skin that may be either a staph infection (the staphylococcal bacteria) or a strep infection (the streptococcal bacteria).
• Code L03 Category
Cellulitis begins with the typical signs of inflammation:
P. 107
- erythema (redness)
- heat arising from the area of infection
- pain
- edema (swelling)
- Vesicles or bullae may appear in the infected area.
- may develop:
* fever with chills
* experience tachycardia (a rapid heartbeat)
* suffer a headache
* hypotension (low blood pressure)
* mentally confused
Tetanus (Lockjaw)
P. 107
Is an infection of the nervous system and is caused by the entry of bacteria into the body through a break in the skin.
- can be prevented by the administration of the tetanus toxiod, included in the DTaP, DT, and Td vaccines.
- Code Z23; use for inoculation with the tetanus toxiod only
Tuberculosis (TB)
P. 108
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), is a bacterial infection that is transmitted through the air.
Viral warts (HPV)
P. 110
This virus can be spread from person to person during sexual contact or an individual with a viral wart can see it spread from one anatomical site to another.
Viral Hepatitis
P. 110
Hepatitis means inflammation of the liver; Viral Hepatitis is the most prevalent cause of malignant neoplasms of the liver.
Viral Hepatitis, Type A (HAV)
P. 110
A viral infection of the liver caused by Hepatitis A virus (HAV). The virus can travel from person to person by personal contact, as with other infections. One can become infected through exposure to contaminated water or ice.
• Shellfish harvested from sewage-contaminated water as well as fruits, vegetables, and other foods that have been contaminated and eaten uncooked may also carry the Hepatitis A virus.
