Chapter 7 - Coding Conditions Of The Blood And Immunological Systems

Question 1

Blood

P. 173

Answer 1

Fluid pumped throughout the body, carrying oxygen and nutrients to the cells and wastes away from the cells.

Question 2

Red blood cells (RBCs)

P. 173

Answer 2

Cells within the blood that contain hemoglobin responsible for carrying oxygen to tissues; also known as erythrocytes.

Normal Red blood cell count: 4 to 6 million cells.

Question 3

White blood cells (WBCs)

P. 173

Answer 3

Cells within the blood that help to protect the body from pathogens; known as leukocytes.

Normal White blood cell count: 4,000 to 11,000 cells.

Question 4

Platelets (PLTs)

P. 173

Answer 4

Large cell fragments in the bone marrow that function in clotting; also known as thrombocytes.

Normal Platelet Count: 150,000 to 400,000 platelets.

Question 5

Plasma

P. 173

Answer 5

The fluid part of the blood.

Question 6

Hematopoiesis

P. 173

Answer 6

The formation of blood cells.

Question 7

Hemoglobin (hgb or Hgb)

P. 174

Answer 7

The part of the red blood cell that carries oxygen.

Question 8

Hemorrhagic anemia also called blood loss anemia or posthemorrhagic anemia can occur after the _______________________.

(P. 176)

Answer 8

patient has lost a great deal of blood. NBA after a traumatic injury or internal bleeding, such as in untreated gastric ulcer.

(Code D26 Acute posthemorrhagic anemia)

Question 9

Sickle cell disease (SCD)

P. 177

Answer 9

Is not actually one diagnosis, but represents several genetically passed disorders of the red blood cells (RBCs). Normal red blood cells are round, where as an individual with sickle cell disease (SCD) develops red blood cells that are C-shape and are unusually firm and sticky. Shape of these abnormal cells resemble a tool known as a sickle, leading to the name for this condition. In addition to the shape and nature of these cells, they have a shorter life span, resulting in a continuing shortage of red blood cells (RBCs). The sticky texture of these cells also increases the opportunity for cells to stick to the walls of the blood vessels, manifesting obstructions in an effective delivery of oxygen via the hemoglobin.

• sickle cell disease can be diagnosed in utero four in newborn’s blood screening. The earlier the diagnosis the sooner treatment can be implemented.

Question 10

Aplastic anemia

P. 176

Answer 10

Is the inability of the bone marrow to manufacture enough new blood cells required by the body for proper function.

(Code category D61)

Question 11

Hemolytic anemia

P. 176

Answer 11

Results from an insufficient number of healthy red blood cells due to abnormal or premature destruction, thereby retarding the delivery of oxygen to the tissues throughout the body. This premature destruction of the red blood cells may be caused by a genetic defect, infection, or exposure to certain toxins. Hemolytic anemia can also be caused by a mismatched blood transfusion.

(Codes D55 - D59)

Question 12

Nutritional anemia

P. 175

Answer 12

Is caused by an insufficient intake or absorption into the body of certain key nutrients.

For example, pernicious anemia is a genetic condition that causes dysfunction of the ilium so it cannot properly absorb vitamin B12; iron deficiency anemia may be caused by a diet lacking iron-rich foods.

(Codes D50 - D53)

Question 13

Red bone marrow produces red blood cells (erythrocytes) through a process called ____________.

(P. 173)

Answer 13

Erythropoiesis

Question 14

Red bone marrow produces white blood cells (leukocytes) through a process called _______________.

(P. 173)

Answer 14

Leukopoiesis

Question 15

The aspiration of bone marrow is typically taken from the posterior superior iliac spine.

(P. 178)

Answer 15

Known as a bone marrow biopsy.

Question 16

Hemostasis

P. 178

Answer 16

The interruption of bleeding. Stopping the bleeding process.

Question 17

Coagulation

P. 178

Answer 17

Clotting; the change from a liquid into a thickened substance.

Question 18

Purpura

P. 179

Answer 18

Dysfunction of blood vessels.

Question 19

Hemostatic disorder

P. 178

Answer 19

Is a failure in the system to repair a damaged blood vessels.

• Hemophilia is a common hemostatic condition.
• Reported with code D66 Hereditary factor VIII deficiency (Classical hemophilia)

Question 20

Thrombotic disorders

P. 179

Answer 20

The blood clots without purpose, forming thrombi (blood clots) within the vessels, causing a blockage.

• Thrombophilia is an example of a thrombotic condition, reported with code D68.59 other primary thrombophilia (hypercoagulable state NOS)

Question 21

Thrombocytopenia

P. 181

Answer 21

This is a low platelet count most often do to increase platelets destruction, decrease platelet production, or malfunctioning platelets. Underlying conditions might include splenomegaly (enlarged spleen); destruction of bone marrow by medication, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy; or aplastic anemia.

• Reported most often with a code from category D69 Purpura and other hemorrhagic conditions.

Question 22

Antigen

P. 182

Answer 22

A substance that promotes the production of antibodies.

Question 23

Antibodies

P. 182

Answer 23

Immune responses to antigens.

Question 24

Blood type

P. 182

Answer 24

A system of classifying blood based on the antigens present on the surface of the individual’s red blood cells; also known as blood group.

Question 25

Rh (Rhesus) Factor

P. 182

Answer 25

An antigen located on the red blood cell that produces comedogenic responses in those individuals without it.

• this is an inherited situation.
• an individual identified as rh-negative does does not have the Rh antigen.
• An individual identified as Rh-positive does have the Rh antigen.

Question 26

Blood Types: type A, type B, type AB, or type O. This is something that is inherited from your parents.

(P. 182)

Answer 26

• An individual with type A blood has only antigen A on his or her red blood cells.
• An individual with type B blood has only antigen B on his or her red blood cells.
• An individual with type AB blood has both antigens – A and B.
• An individual with type O blood has neither antigen – neither A nor B.

Question 27

Transfusion

P. 184

Answer 27

The provision of one person’s blood or plasma to another individual.

Question 28

Agglutination

P. 184

Answer 28

The process of red blood cells combining together in a mass or lump.

Question 29

Hemolysis

P. 184

Answer 29

The destruction of red blood cells, resulting in the release of hemoglobin into the bloodstream.

Question 30

Individuals with type O blood are known as ______________.

P. 184

Answer 30

Universal donors. Anyone can accept this blood type.

Question 31

Those with type AB blood have both types of antigens, so they can receive type A blood, type B blood, or type O blood. For this reason, they are known as _____________ ______________.

(P. 184)

Answer 31

Universal recipients.

Question 32

Disorders of white blood cells: Neutrophils

P. 185

Answer 32

Contain enzymes that work to destroy parts of bacterial pathogens that have been consumed by phagocytes.

Question 33

Disorders of white blood cells: Lymphocytes

P. 185

Answer 33

Are critical in the immune response.

Question 34

Disorders of white blood cells: Monocytes

P. 185

Answer 34

Are large blood cells that travel throughout the body and destroy damaged red blood cells.

Question 35

Disorders of white blood cells: Eosinophils

P. 185

Answer 35

Destroy some parasites in addition to controlling inflammation and allergic reactions.

Question 36

Disorders of white blood cells: Basophils

P. 185

Answer 36

Create Heparin, a blood-thinning agent that prevents inappropriate blood clotting, and create histamines, involved in allergic reactions.

Question 37

Hemophilia

P. 179

Answer 37

Is a genetic mutation that establishes a deficiency lacking a protein (clotting factor) in the blood necessary in the clotting process. Therefore, the patients blood will not clot when needed to prevent hemorrhaging. The lower the quantity of the clotting factor, the higher the probability that the patient might Hemorrhage and have it becomes life-threatening.

Question 38

There are four types of hemophilia:

P. 179

Answer 38

A, B, C, and Aquired.

• Hemophilia A (Classic Hemophilia) deficiency of clotting Factor VIII.
• Hemophilia B (Christmas Disease) deficiency of clotting Factor IX.
• Hemophilia C (Rosenthal’s Disease) deficiency of clotting Factor XI.
• Aquired Hemophilia (secondary Hemophilia) actually in autoimmune disease that occurs when antibodies are created that mistakenly attack healthy tissue, specifically clotting Factor VIII.