Chapter 7 - Coding Conditions Of The Blood And Immunological Systems Flashcards
Terminology
Blood
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Fluid pumped throughout the body, carrying oxygen and nutrients to the cells and wastes away from the cells.
Red blood cells (RBCs)
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Cells within the blood that contain hemoglobin responsible for carrying oxygen to tissues; also known as erythrocytes.
Normal Red blood cell count: 4 to 6 million cells.
White blood cells (WBCs)
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Cells within the blood that help to protect the body from pathogens; known as leukocytes.
Normal White blood cell count: 4,000 to 11,000 cells.
Platelets (PLTs)
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Large cell fragments in the bone marrow that function in clotting; also known as thrombocytes.
Normal Platelet Count: 150,000 to 400,000 platelets.
Plasma
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The fluid part of the blood.
Hematopoiesis
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The formation of blood cells.
Hemoglobin (hgb or Hgb)
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The part of the red blood cell that carries oxygen.
Hemorrhagic anemia also called blood loss anemia or posthemorrhagic anemia can occur after the _______________________.
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patient has lost a great deal of blood. NBA after a traumatic injury or internal bleeding, such as in untreated gastric ulcer.
(Code D26 Acute posthemorrhagic anemia)
Sickle cell disease (SCD)
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Is not actually one diagnosis, but represents several genetically passed disorders of the red blood cells (RBCs). Normal red blood cells are round, where as an individual with sickle cell disease (SCD) develops red blood cells that are C-shape and are unusually firm and sticky. Shape of these abnormal cells resemble a tool known as a sickle, leading to the name for this condition. In addition to the shape and nature of these cells, they have a shorter life span, resulting in a continuing shortage of red blood cells (RBCs). The sticky texture of these cells also increases the opportunity for cells to stick to the walls of the blood vessels, manifesting obstructions in an effective delivery of oxygen via the hemoglobin.
• sickle cell disease can be diagnosed in utero four in newborn’s blood screening. The earlier the diagnosis the sooner treatment can be implemented.
Aplastic anemia
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Is the inability of the bone marrow to manufacture enough new blood cells required by the body for proper function.
(Code category D61)
Hemolytic anemia
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Results from an insufficient number of healthy red blood cells due to abnormal or premature destruction, thereby retarding the delivery of oxygen to the tissues throughout the body. This premature destruction of the red blood cells may be caused by a genetic defect, infection, or exposure to certain toxins. Hemolytic anemia can also be caused by a mismatched blood transfusion.
(Codes D55 - D59)
Nutritional anemia
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Is caused by an insufficient intake or absorption into the body of certain key nutrients.
For example, pernicious anemia is a genetic condition that causes dysfunction of the ilium so it cannot properly absorb vitamin B12; iron deficiency anemia may be caused by a diet lacking iron-rich foods.
(Codes D50 - D53)
Red bone marrow produces red blood cells (erythrocytes) through a process called ____________.
(P. 173)
Erythropoiesis
Red bone marrow produces white blood cells (leukocytes) through a process called _______________.
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Leukopoiesis
The aspiration of bone marrow is typically taken from the posterior superior iliac spine.
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Known as a bone marrow biopsy.
Hemostasis
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The interruption of bleeding. Stopping the bleeding process.
Coagulation
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Clotting; the change from a liquid into a thickened substance.
Purpura
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Dysfunction of blood vessels.
Hemostatic disorder
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Is a failure in the system to repair a damaged blood vessels.
- Hemophilia is a common hemostatic condition.
- Reported with code D66 Hereditary factor VIII deficiency (Classical hemophilia)
Thrombotic disorders
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The blood clots without purpose, forming thrombi (blood clots) within the vessels, causing a blockage.
• Thrombophilia is an example of a thrombotic condition, reported with code D68.59 other primary thrombophilia (hypercoagulable state NOS)
Thrombocytopenia
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This is a low platelet count most often do to increase platelets destruction, decrease platelet production, or malfunctioning platelets. Underlying conditions might include splenomegaly (enlarged spleen); destruction of bone marrow by medication, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy; or aplastic anemia.
• Reported most often with a code from category D69 Purpura and other hemorrhagic conditions.
Antigen
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A substance that promotes the production of antibodies.
Antibodies
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Immune responses to antigens.
Blood type
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A system of classifying blood based on the antigens present on the surface of the individual’s red blood cells; also known as blood group.
Rh (Rhesus) Factor
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An antigen located on the red blood cell that produces comedogenic responses in those individuals without it.
- this is an inherited situation.
- an individual identified as rh-negative does does not have the Rh antigen.
- An individual identified as Rh-positive does have the Rh antigen.
Blood Types: type A, type B, type AB, or type O. This is something that is inherited from your parents.
(P. 182)
- An individual with type A blood has only antigen A on his or her red blood cells.
- An individual with type B blood has only antigen B on his or her red blood cells.
- An individual with type AB blood has both antigens – A and B.
- An individual with type O blood has neither antigen – neither A nor B.
Transfusion
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The provision of one person’s blood or plasma to another individual.
Agglutination
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The process of red blood cells combining together in a mass or lump.
Hemolysis
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The destruction of red blood cells, resulting in the release of hemoglobin into the bloodstream.
Individuals with type O blood are known as ______________.
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Universal donors. Anyone can accept this blood type.
Those with type AB blood have both types of antigens, so they can receive type A blood, type B blood, or type O blood. For this reason, they are known as _____________ ______________.
(P. 184)
Universal recipients.
Disorders of white blood cells: Neutrophils
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Contain enzymes that work to destroy parts of bacterial pathogens that have been consumed by phagocytes.
Disorders of white blood cells: Lymphocytes
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Are critical in the immune response.
Disorders of white blood cells: Monocytes
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Are large blood cells that travel throughout the body and destroy damaged red blood cells.
Disorders of white blood cells: Eosinophils
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Destroy some parasites in addition to controlling inflammation and allergic reactions.
Disorders of white blood cells: Basophils
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Create Heparin, a blood-thinning agent that prevents inappropriate blood clotting, and create histamines, involved in allergic reactions.
Hemophilia
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Is a genetic mutation that establishes a deficiency lacking a protein (clotting factor) in the blood necessary in the clotting process. Therefore, the patients blood will not clot when needed to prevent hemorrhaging. The lower the quantity of the clotting factor, the higher the probability that the patient might Hemorrhage and have it becomes life-threatening.
There are four types of hemophilia:
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A, B, C, and Aquired.
- Hemophilia A (Classic Hemophilia) deficiency of clotting Factor VIII.
- Hemophilia B (Christmas Disease) deficiency of clotting Factor IX.
- Hemophilia C (Rosenthal’s Disease) deficiency of clotting Factor XI.
- Aquired Hemophilia (secondary Hemophilia) actually in autoimmune disease that occurs when antibodies are created that mistakenly attack healthy tissue, specifically clotting Factor VIII.
