Chapter 8-Cardiovascular System Flashcards
0
Q
leaflet
A
flat, leaf-shaped structure that comprises the valves of the heart and prevents backflow of blood
1
Q
autonomic nervous system (ANS)
A
portion of the nervous system that regulates involuntary actions, such as heart rate, digestion, and peristalsis
2
Q
lumen
A
tubular space or channel within an organ or structure of the body; space within an artery, vein, intestine, or tube
3
Q
regurgitation
A
backflow or ejecting of contents through an opening
4
Q
sphincter
A
circular muscle found in a tubular structure or hollow organ that constricts or dilates to regulate passage of substances through its opening
5
Q
vasoconstriction
A
narrowing of the lumen of a blood vessel that limits blood flow, usually as a result of diseases, medications, or physiological processes
6
Q
vasodilation
A
widening of the lumen of a blood vessel caused by the realxing of the musces of the vascular walls
7
Q
viscosity
A
state of being sticky or gummy
8
Q
aneurysm/o
A
widened blood vesses
9
Q
angi/o
A
vessel (usually blood or lymph)
10
Q
vascul/o
A
vessel (usually blood or lymph)
11
Q
aort/o
A
aorta
12
Q
arteri/o
A
artery
13
Q
arteriol/o
A
arteriole
14
Q
artri/o
A
atrium
15
Q
ather/o
A
fatty plaque
16
Q
cardi/o
A
heart
17
Q
coron/o
A
heart
18
Q
electr/o
A
electricity
19
Q
embol/o
A
embolus (plug)
20
Q
hemangi/o
A
blood vessel
21
Q
my/o
A
muscle
22
Q
phleb/o
A
vein
23
Q
ven/o
A
vein
24
scler/o
hardening; sclera (white of eye)
25
sept/o
septum
26
sphygm/o
pulse
27
sten/o
narrowing; stricture
28
thromb/o
blood clot
29
valv/o
valve
30
valvul/o
valve
31
vas/o
vessel; vass deferens; duct
32
ventricul/o
ventricle (of the heart or brain)
33
-cardia
heart condition
34
-gram
record, writing
35
-graph
instrument for recording
36
-graphy
process of recording
37
-stenosis
narrowing, stricture
38
brady-
slow
39
endo-
in, within
40
peri-
around
41
extra
outside
42
trans-
across
43
aneurysm
localized abnormal dilation of a vessel, usually an artery
44
angina
mild to severe suffocating pain that typically occurs in the chest and is caused by an inadequate blood flow to the myocardium; also called angina pectoris
45
arrythmia
irregularity in the rat or rhythm of the heart; also called dysrhythmia
46
bradycardia
arrythmia in which the heart beats abnormally slowly, usually fewer than 60 bpm in a resting adult
47
fibrillation
arrythmia in which there is an abnormally rapid, uncoordinated quivring of the myocardium that can affect the atria or the ventricles
48
heart block
rrythmia in which there is interference with the normal transmission of electric impulese from the SA node to the Purkinje fibers
49
tachycardia
arrythmia in which there is a fast but regular rhythm, with th heart possibly beating up to 200 beats/minute
50
arteriosclerosis
hardening and narrowing of an artery along with the loss of its elasticity
51
atherosclerosis
form of arteriosclerosis characterized by the deposit of plaques containing cholesterol and lipids that narrows the lumen in the arteries
52
carotid artery disease
narrowing of the carotid arteries, uaually caused by atheroslcerosis; may eventually lead to thrombus formation and stroke
53
bruit
soft blowing sound heard on auscultation, associated valvular action or with the movement of blood as it passes an obstruction or both; also called murmur
54
cardiomyopathy
disease or weakening of heart muscle that diminishes cardiac function
55
coarctation
narrowing of a vessel, especially the aorta
56
embolism
condition in which a mass (commonly a blood clot) becomes lodged in a blood vessel, obstructing blood flow
57
hyperlipidemia
excessive amounts of lipids (cholesterol, phospholipids, and triglycerides) in the blood
58
hypertension (HTN)
elevated bp persistently higher than 140/90 mm Hg
59
hypotension
low bp peristently lower than 90/60 mm Hg
60
infarction
localized tissue necrosis due to the cessation of blood supply
61
ischemia
local, temporar deficiency of blood supply to an organ or tissue due to circulatory obstruction
62
mitral valve prolapse (MVP)
structural defect in which the mitral (bicuspid) valve leaflets prolapse into the left atrium during ventricular contraction (sysole), resulting in incomplete closure and backflow of blood
63
palpitation
sensation of an irregular heartbeat, commonly described as pounding, racing, skipping a beat, or flutter
64
phlebitis
inflammation of a deep or superficial vein of the arms or lets (more commonly the legs)
65
sycope
partial or complete loss of conscioiusness that is usually caused by a decreased supply of blood to the brain; also called fainting
66
thrombosis
abormal condition in which a blood clot develops in a vessel and obstructs it at the site of its formation
67
deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
blood clot that forms in the deep veins of the body, especially those in the legs or things; also called deep venus thrombosis
68
defibrillation
electrical shock delivered randomly duing the cardiac cycle to treat emergency life-threatening arrythmias
69
cardioversion
defibrillation technique using low energy shocks to treat an arrythmia (atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, or ventricular tachycardia), and is usuallly synchronized wit the large R waves of the ECG complex to restore normal heart rhythm
70
sclerotherapy
injection of chemical irritant (sclerosing agent) into a vein to produce inflammation and fibrosis that destroys the lumen of the vein
71
thrombolysis
destruction of a blood clot using anticlotting agents called clot-busters, such a tissue plasminogen activator
72
angioplasty
any endovascular procedure that reopens narrowed blood vessels and restores forward blood flow
73
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)
angioplasty of the coronary arteries in which a balloon catheter is inserted through the skin ito the right femoral artery and threaded to the site of the steosis to enlarge the lumen of the artery and restore forward blood flow
74
biopsy
removal of a small piece of tissue for diagnostic purposes
75
arterial biopsy
removal of a segment of an arterial vessel wall to confirm inflammation of the wall or arteritis, a type of vasculitis
76
catheter ablation
treatment for cardiac arrythmias; usually performed under fluoroscopic guidance
77
commisurotomy
surgical separation of the leaflets of the mitral valve, which have fused together at their points of contact (commissures)
78
coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
placement of a vessel graft from another part of the body to bypass the blocked part of a coronary artery and restore bloo supply to the heart muscle
79
embolectomy
removal of an ambolus
80
endarerectomy
removal of fatty plaque from the interior of an occluded vessel using a specially designd catheter fitted with a cutting or grinding device
81
automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (AICD) insertion
implatation of a battery-powered device that monitors and automatically corrects ventricualr tachycardia or fibrillation b sending electrical implses to the heart in patients who are at risk of sudden cardiac death; also called implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD)
82
laser ablation
procedure used to remove or treat varicose veins
83
open heart surgery
surgical procedure performed on or within the exposed heart, usually with the assistance of a heart-lung machine
84
stent placement
placement of a mesh inserted into a natural passage or conduit in the body to prevent or counteract a disease-induced, localized flow constriction
85
valvotomy
incision of a valve to increase the size of the opening; used in treating mitral stenosis
86
cardiac catheterization (CC)
passage of a catheter into the heart through a vein or artery to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the heart
87
electrophysiology (EPS)
procedure used to determine the cause of life-threatening cardiac arrythmias by mapping the heart's conduction system in a patient with an arrythmia
88
electrocasrdiography (ECG, EKG)
procedure that graphicallly records the spread of electrical exitation to different parts of the heart using small metal electrodes applied to the chest, arms, and legs
89
Holter monitor test
ECG taken with a small, portable recording system capable of storing up to 48 hours of ECG tracings; also called event monitor test
90
stress test
ECG taken under controlled exercise stress conditions (bicycle or treadmill)
91
cardiac enzyme studies
blood test that measures the presencec and amount of cardiac enzymes in the blood, inlcuding toponin T, troponin I, and creatine kinase (CK-MB)
92
lipid panel
series of blood tests (total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and triglycerides) used to assess risk factors of ischemic heart disease
93
angiography
radiographic image (angiogram) of the inside of a blood vessel after injection of a ontrast medium also called arteriography
94
aortography
angiography of the aorta and its branches after injection of a contrast medium
95
coronary angiography
angiography that is used to determine the degree of stenosis or obstruction of the arteries that supply blood to the heart
96
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
noninvasive technique that uses radio waves and a strong magnetic field rather than an x-ray beam to produce highly detailed, multiplanar, cross-sectional views of soft tissues
97
cardiac MRI
specialized MRI that provides information on both static and moving images of the heart, inclding blood flow and velocity
98
magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)
type of MRI scan that uses a magnetic field and radio waves to provide detailed images of blood vessels
99
multiple-gated acquisition (MUGA) scan
nuclear procedure that uses radioactive tracers to detect how wel the heart walls move as they contract and calculate the ejection fraction rate (amt of blood the ventricle can pump out in one contraction)
100
single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
MUGA scan of the heart in which the gamma camera moves in a circle around the patient to create individual images as "slices" of the heart (tomography)
101
nuclear perfusion study
tesst used in conjunction with a stress test to detect the presence of coronary artery disease (CAD) that i causing partial obstruction of the coronary arteries; also called thallium scan or cardiolite scan
102
ultrasonography (US)
high-frequency waves (ultrasound) are directed at soft tissue and reflected as "echoes" to produce an image on a monitor of an iternal body structure; also caled ultrasound, sonography, and echo
103
Doppler
ultrasonography used to assess blood flow through blood vessels and the heart
104
echocardiography
ultrasonography that is used to visualize internal cardiac structures, produce images of the heart, and assess cardiac output
105
venography
radiography of a vein after injection of a contrast medium to detect incomplete filling of a vein, indicating an obstruction
