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HSCI 131 > Chapter 8-Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Chapter 8-Cardiovascular System Flashcards

0
Q

leaflet

A

flat, leaf-shaped structure that comprises the valves of the heart and prevents backflow of blood

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1
Q

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A

portion of the nervous system that regulates involuntary actions, such as heart rate, digestion, and peristalsis

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2
Q

lumen

A

tubular space or channel within an organ or structure of the body; space within an artery, vein, intestine, or tube

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3
Q

regurgitation

A

backflow or ejecting of contents through an opening

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4
Q

sphincter

A

circular muscle found in a tubular structure or hollow organ that constricts or dilates to regulate passage of substances through its opening

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5
Q

vasoconstriction

A

narrowing of the lumen of a blood vessel that limits blood flow, usually as a result of diseases, medications, or physiological processes

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6
Q

vasodilation

A

widening of the lumen of a blood vessel caused by the realxing of the musces of the vascular walls

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7
Q

viscosity

A

state of being sticky or gummy

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8
Q

aneurysm/o

A

widened blood vesses

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9
Q

angi/o

A

vessel (usually blood or lymph)

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10
Q

vascul/o

A

vessel (usually blood or lymph)

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11
Q

aort/o

A

aorta

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12
Q

arteri/o

A

artery

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13
Q

arteriol/o

A

arteriole

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14
Q

artri/o

A

atrium

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15
Q

ather/o

A

fatty plaque

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16
Q

cardi/o

A

heart

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17
Q

coron/o

A

heart

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18
Q

electr/o

A

electricity

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19
Q

embol/o

A

embolus (plug)

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20
Q

hemangi/o

A

blood vessel

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21
Q

my/o

A

muscle

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22
Q

phleb/o

A

vein

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23
Q

ven/o

A

vein

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24
Q

scler/o

A

hardening; sclera (white of eye)

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25
Q

sept/o

A

septum

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26
Q

sphygm/o

A

pulse

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27
Q

sten/o

A

narrowing; stricture

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28
Q

thromb/o

A

blood clot

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29
Q

valv/o

A

valve

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30
Q

valvul/o

A

valve

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31
Q

vas/o

A

vessel; vass deferens; duct

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32
Q

ventricul/o

A

ventricle (of the heart or brain)

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33
Q

-cardia

A

heart condition

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34
Q

-gram

A

record, writing

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35
Q

-graph

A

instrument for recording

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36
Q

-graphy

A

process of recording

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37
Q

-stenosis

A

narrowing, stricture

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38
Q

brady-

A

slow

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39
Q

endo-

A

in, within

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40
Q

peri-

A

around

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41
Q

extra

A

outside

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42
Q

trans-

A

across

43
Q

aneurysm

A

localized abnormal dilation of a vessel, usually an artery

44
Q

angina

A

mild to severe suffocating pain that typically occurs in the chest and is caused by an inadequate blood flow to the myocardium; also called angina pectoris

45
Q

arrythmia

A

irregularity in the rat or rhythm of the heart; also called dysrhythmia

46
Q

bradycardia

A

arrythmia in which the heart beats abnormally slowly, usually fewer than 60 bpm in a resting adult

47
Q

fibrillation

A

arrythmia in which there is an abnormally rapid, uncoordinated quivring of the myocardium that can affect the atria or the ventricles

48
Q

heart block

A

rrythmia in which there is interference with the normal transmission of electric impulese from the SA node to the Purkinje fibers

49
Q

tachycardia

A

arrythmia in which there is a fast but regular rhythm, with th heart possibly beating up to 200 beats/minute

50
Q

arteriosclerosis

A

hardening and narrowing of an artery along with the loss of its elasticity

51
Q

atherosclerosis

A

form of arteriosclerosis characterized by the deposit of plaques containing cholesterol and lipids that narrows the lumen in the arteries

52
Q

carotid artery disease

A

narrowing of the carotid arteries, uaually caused by atheroslcerosis; may eventually lead to thrombus formation and stroke

53
Q

bruit

A

soft blowing sound heard on auscultation, associated valvular action or with the movement of blood as it passes an obstruction or both; also called murmur

54
Q

cardiomyopathy

A

disease or weakening of heart muscle that diminishes cardiac function

55
Q

coarctation

A

narrowing of a vessel, especially the aorta

56
Q

embolism

A

condition in which a mass (commonly a blood clot) becomes lodged in a blood vessel, obstructing blood flow

57
Q

hyperlipidemia

A

excessive amounts of lipids (cholesterol, phospholipids, and triglycerides) in the blood

58
Q

hypertension (HTN)

A

elevated bp persistently higher than 140/90 mm Hg

59
Q

hypotension

A

low bp peristently lower than 90/60 mm Hg

60
Q

infarction

A

localized tissue necrosis due to the cessation of blood supply

61
Q

ischemia

A

local, temporar deficiency of blood supply to an organ or tissue due to circulatory obstruction

62
Q

mitral valve prolapse (MVP)

A

structural defect in which the mitral (bicuspid) valve leaflets prolapse into the left atrium during ventricular contraction (sysole), resulting in incomplete closure and backflow of blood

63
Q

palpitation

A

sensation of an irregular heartbeat, commonly described as pounding, racing, skipping a beat, or flutter

64
Q

phlebitis

A

inflammation of a deep or superficial vein of the arms or lets (more commonly the legs)

65
Q

sycope

A

partial or complete loss of conscioiusness that is usually caused by a decreased supply of blood to the brain; also called fainting

66
Q

thrombosis

A

abormal condition in which a blood clot develops in a vessel and obstructs it at the site of its formation

67
Q

deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

A

blood clot that forms in the deep veins of the body, especially those in the legs or things; also called deep venus thrombosis

68
Q

defibrillation

A

electrical shock delivered randomly duing the cardiac cycle to treat emergency life-threatening arrythmias

69
Q

cardioversion

A

defibrillation technique using low energy shocks to treat an arrythmia (atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, or ventricular tachycardia), and is usuallly synchronized wit the large R waves of the ECG complex to restore normal heart rhythm

70
Q

sclerotherapy

A

injection of chemical irritant (sclerosing agent) into a vein to produce inflammation and fibrosis that destroys the lumen of the vein

71
Q

thrombolysis

A

destruction of a blood clot using anticlotting agents called clot-busters, such a tissue plasminogen activator

72
Q

angioplasty

A

any endovascular procedure that reopens narrowed blood vessels and restores forward blood flow

73
Q

percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)

A

angioplasty of the coronary arteries in which a balloon catheter is inserted through the skin ito the right femoral artery and threaded to the site of the steosis to enlarge the lumen of the artery and restore forward blood flow

74
Q

biopsy

A

removal of a small piece of tissue for diagnostic purposes

75
Q

arterial biopsy

A

removal of a segment of an arterial vessel wall to confirm inflammation of the wall or arteritis, a type of vasculitis

76
Q

catheter ablation

A

treatment for cardiac arrythmias; usually performed under fluoroscopic guidance

77
Q

commisurotomy

A

surgical separation of the leaflets of the mitral valve, which have fused together at their points of contact (commissures)

78
Q

coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)

A

placement of a vessel graft from another part of the body to bypass the blocked part of a coronary artery and restore bloo supply to the heart muscle

79
Q

embolectomy

A

removal of an ambolus

80
Q

endarerectomy

A

removal of fatty plaque from the interior of an occluded vessel using a specially designd catheter fitted with a cutting or grinding device

81
Q

automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (AICD) insertion

A

implatation of a battery-powered device that monitors and automatically corrects ventricualr tachycardia or fibrillation b sending electrical implses to the heart in patients who are at risk of sudden cardiac death; also called implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD)

82
Q

laser ablation

A

procedure used to remove or treat varicose veins

83
Q

open heart surgery

A

surgical procedure performed on or within the exposed heart, usually with the assistance of a heart-lung machine

84
Q

stent placement

A

placement of a mesh inserted into a natural passage or conduit in the body to prevent or counteract a disease-induced, localized flow constriction

85
Q

valvotomy

A

incision of a valve to increase the size of the opening; used in treating mitral stenosis

86
Q

cardiac catheterization (CC)

A

passage of a catheter into the heart through a vein or artery to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the heart

87
Q

electrophysiology (EPS)

A

procedure used to determine the cause of life-threatening cardiac arrythmias by mapping the heart’s conduction system in a patient with an arrythmia

88
Q

electrocasrdiography (ECG, EKG)

A

procedure that graphicallly records the spread of electrical exitation to different parts of the heart using small metal electrodes applied to the chest, arms, and legs

89
Q

Holter monitor test

A

ECG taken with a small, portable recording system capable of storing up to 48 hours of ECG tracings; also called event monitor test

90
Q

stress test

A

ECG taken under controlled exercise stress conditions (bicycle or treadmill)

91
Q

cardiac enzyme studies

A

blood test that measures the presencec and amount of cardiac enzymes in the blood, inlcuding toponin T, troponin I, and creatine kinase (CK-MB)

92
Q

lipid panel

A

series of blood tests (total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and triglycerides) used to assess risk factors of ischemic heart disease

93
Q

angiography

A

radiographic image (angiogram) of the inside of a blood vessel after injection of a ontrast medium also called arteriography

94
Q

aortography

A

angiography of the aorta and its branches after injection of a contrast medium

95
Q

coronary angiography

A

angiography that is used to determine the degree of stenosis or obstruction of the arteries that supply blood to the heart

96
Q

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

noninvasive technique that uses radio waves and a strong magnetic field rather than an x-ray beam to produce highly detailed, multiplanar, cross-sectional views of soft tissues

97
Q

cardiac MRI

A

specialized MRI that provides information on both static and moving images of the heart, inclding blood flow and velocity

98
Q

magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)

A

type of MRI scan that uses a magnetic field and radio waves to provide detailed images of blood vessels

99
Q

multiple-gated acquisition (MUGA) scan

A

nuclear procedure that uses radioactive tracers to detect how wel the heart walls move as they contract and calculate the ejection fraction rate (amt of blood the ventricle can pump out in one contraction)

100
Q

single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)

A

MUGA scan of the heart in which the gamma camera moves in a circle around the patient to create individual images as “slices” of the heart (tomography)

101
Q

nuclear perfusion study

A

tesst used in conjunction with a stress test to detect the presence of coronary artery disease (CAD) that i causing partial obstruction of the coronary arteries; also called thallium scan or cardiolite scan

102
Q

ultrasonography (US)

A

high-frequency waves (ultrasound) are directed at soft tissue and reflected as “echoes” to produce an image on a monitor of an iternal body structure; also caled ultrasound, sonography, and echo

103
Q

Doppler

A

ultrasonography used to assess blood flow through blood vessels and the heart

104
Q

echocardiography

A

ultrasonography that is used to visualize internal cardiac structures, produce images of the heart, and assess cardiac output

105
Q

venography

A

radiography of a vein after injection of a contrast medium to detect incomplete filling of a vein, indicating an obstruction

HSCI 131 (4 decks)

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