Chapter 8 Carbs

Question 1

Name 2 disaccharides?

Answer 1

Sucrose and lactose

Question 2

What are oligosaccharides?

Answer 2

3-10 monosaccharides linked to lipids or proteins

Question 3

Name 2 polysaccharides

Answer 3

Amylose and cellulose

Question 4

What are enantiomers?

Answer 4

Mirror images

Question 5

What are disastereoisomers?

Answer 5

Different but not mirror image

Question 6

What is the right side named?

Answer 6

Detro

Question 7

What is the left side named?

Answer 7

Levo

Question 8

How do you calculate the # of stereoisomers in a monosaccharide?

Answer 8

2^n n= # of chiral carbons

Question 9

What are epimers?

Answer 9

Two sugars that differ only in the configuration around 1 carbon

Question 10

Name 2 monosaccharides?

Answer 10

Glucose and fructose

Question 11

Monosaccharides in solution are found predominately as?

Answer 11

Hemiacetals and hemiketals

Question 12

What is mutarotation

Answer 12

The conversion between alpha and beta anomers

Question 13

What are the cyclic forms of monosaccharides?

Answer 13

Furanoses and pyranoses

Question 14

What are reducing sugars?

Answer 14

Monosaccharides that oxidize to give carboxylic acid and undergo fehlings rxn is presence of oxidizing agent.
Any monosaccharides that is capable of acting as a reducing agent by having a free ketone or aldehyde group

Question 15

What do glucose oxidation tests measure?

Answer 15

The level of hydrogen peroxide requires peroxidase and dye

Question 16

What two reactions form common disaccharides?

Answer 16

Condensation and hydrolysis.

Question 17

What bonds form for lactose?

Answer 17

B1-4

Question 18

What bond forms for sucrose?

Answer 18

Fruc (2b-a1)glc

Glc (a1-2B)fruc

Question 19

Bond for trehalose?

Answer 19

Glc(a1-1a)glc

Question 20

What are the 5 chemical modifications of monosaccharides?

Answer 20

Phosphorylation 
Amidation 
Acetylation
Oxidation 
Methylation

Question 21

What are homopolysaccahrides and what are they used for

Answer 21

They are all the same monomers and are used for energy storage and structural function

Question 22

Heyeropolysaccharides?

Answer 22

Different and used for structural function and cellular function

Question 23

What is amylose?

Answer 23

Unbranded a1-4

Question 24

Amylopectin?

Answer 24

Branched a1-4 homo glucose with branches a1-6 24-30

Question 25

What is glycogen?

Answer 25

A1-4 with a1-6 branch every 8-12

Question 26

Why can animals not use cellulose as a fuel source?

Answer 26

They lack the enzyme to hydrolyze b1-4 linkages

Question 27

What are the 2 types of heteropolysaccharide linked additions?

Answer 27

N linked and o linked

Question 28

What is n linked?

Answer 28

Added on to proteins that are serine or thr. Added on pre assembled

Question 29

What are O linked?

Answer 29

Added onto thr or ser side chain but one monomer at a time

Question 30

Which sugars are reducing?

Answer 30

Maltose and lactose

Question 31

Which are non reducing

Answer 31

Sucrose

Question 32

What the difference between Polynerase 1 and 3?

Answer 32

1: slower , removes primers acts on single polypeptide
3: highly processive made up of 10 subunits does not have 5’ to 3’ exonuclease activity

Question 33

What does helicase?

Answer 33

Unwinds he DNA helix

Question 34

What do binding proteins do?

Answer 34

Keep strands seperate

Question 35

Topoisomerase

Answer 35

Releases stress of unwinding and cuts it.

Question 36

What does primase do?

Answer 36

Adds primers

Question 37

Okazaki fragments?

Answer 37

Short DNA fragments complementary to the lagging strand

Question 38

DNA ligase?

Answer 38

Joins DNA lagging strands