Chapter 8: Carbohydrates

Question 1

are aldehyde or ketone derivatives of straight-chain polyhydroxy alcohols
containing at least three carbon atoms.

Answer 1

Monosaccharides

Question 2

Monosaccharides are linked together by what?

Answer 2

glycosidic bonds

Question 3

Sugars that differ only by the configuration around one C atom are known as what of
one another.

Answer 3

epimers

Question 4

The most common ketoses are

Answer 4

dihydroxyacetone, ribulose, and fructose

Question 5

When a monosaccharide cyclizes, the carbonyl carbon, called the what?

Answer 5

anomeric carbon

Question 6

is a component of flavin coenzymes

Answer 6

Ribitol

Question 6

is a sweetener that is used in “sugarless” gum and candies

Answer 6

Xylitol

Question 7

are important lipid components

Answer 7

glycerol and myoinositol

Question 8

Saccharides bearing anomeric carbons that have not
formed glycosides are termed

Answer 8

reducing sugars

Question 9

consist of monosaccharides linked together by glycosidic bonds

Answer 9

Polysaccharides (glycans)

Question 9

Lactose intolerance is a painful digestive upset which is caused by low levels of what which allows bacteria in digestive tract to convert lactose into large quantities of CO2, H2, and irritating organic acids

Answer 9

β-galactosidase (or lactase)

Question 10

the primary structural component of plant cell walls, accounts for over half of the carbon in the biosphere

Answer 10

Cellulose

Question 11

is the principal energy reserve of plants and is deposited in the chloroplasts as insoluble granules composed of α-amylose and amylopectin

Answer 11

Starch

Question 12

The digestion of starch is
done by

Answer 12

amylase and debranching enzyme

Question 13

is the storage polysaccharide of animals and is present in all cells but is most prevalent in skeletal muscle and in liver.

Answer 13

Glycogen

Question 14

In the cell, glycogen is degraded for metabolic use by

Answer 14

glycogen phosphorylase and
glycogen debranching enzyme

Question 15

The extracellular spaces, particularly those of connective tissues such as cartilage, tendon, skin, and blood vessel walls, contain collagen and other proteins embedded in a gel-like
matrix that is composed largely of

Answer 15

glycosaminoglycans

Question 16

is an important glycosaminogly can component of connective tissue.

Answer 16

Hyaluronic acid

Question 17

is a sulfated glycosaminoglycans, which makes it the most highly charged polymer in mammalian tissues. It inhibits the clotting of blood and is therefore in wide clinical use to inhibit blood clotting

Answer 17

Heparin

Question 18

are major components of cell walls and made of heterogeneous polysaccharides with a core of α(1→4) linked galacturonate residues interspersed with the hexose rhamnose.

Answer 18

Pectins

Question 19

are enzymatically generated and covalently linked to the polypeptide.

Answer 19

glycoproteins

Question 20

Penicillin specifically binds to and inactivates enzymes that

Answer 20

cross-link the peptidoglycan strands of bacterial cell walls.

Question 21

invade their target tissues by first binding to cell-surface carbohydrates.

Answer 21

viruses, bacteria, and eukaryotic parasites

Question 22

O-Linked Oligosaccharides Are
Attached to

Answer 22

Serine or Threonine.

Question 23

N-Linked Oligosaccharides Are
Attached to

Answer 23

Asparagine

Question 24

can shield a protein’s surface, possibly modifying its
activity or protecting it from proteolysis.

Answer 24

oligosaccharide

Question 25

are oligosaccharide components of glycoproteins and glycolipids on the surfaces of an individual’s cells (not just red blood cells).

Answer 25

ABO blood group antigens

Question 26

Individuals with type A cells
have what?

Answer 26

A antigens on their cell
surfaces and carry

anti-B antibodies in their blood

Question 27

Individuals with type B cells
have what?

Answer 27

which bear B
antigens, carry anti-A antibodies;

Question 28

Individuals with type AB cells
have what?

Answer 28

which have both A and B antigens, carry neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies

Question 29

Individuals with type O cells
have what?

Answer 29

whose cells bear
neither antigen, carry both anti-A and anti-B antibodies.