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Biochemistry > Chapter 14: Introduction to Metabolism > Flashcards

Chapter 14: Introduction to Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

two types of metabolism

A

Catabolism
Anabolism

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2
Q

in which nutrients and cell constituents are broken down to
salvage their components and/or to generate energy.

A

Catabolism

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3
Q

in which biomolecules are synthesized from simpler
components.

A

Anabolism

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4
Q

another name for Anabolism

A

biosynthesis

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5
Q

another name for Catabolism

A

degradation

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6
Q

Metabolic pathway’s reactants,
intermediates, and products are referred to as

A

metabolites

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7
Q

are series of connected enzymatic reactions that produce specific product

A

Metabolic pathway

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8
Q

are the major free energy sources for biosynthetic reactions.

A

ATP and NADPH

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9
Q

acetyl unit linked to coenzyme A to form what

A

acetyl-coenzymeA (acetyl-CoA)

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10
Q

what does the citric acid cycle produce

A

the reduced
coenzymes NADH and FADH2,

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10
Q

A striking characteristic of degradative metabolism

A

The pathways for the catabolism of a large number of diverse substances converge on a few common intermediates

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11
Q

what does electron transport and
oxidative phosphorylation produce

A

water

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12
Q

Citric acid cycle, electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation, fatty acid oxidation, amino acid breakdown

A

mitochondrion

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13
Q

Glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, fatty acid biosynthesis, many reactions of gluconeogenesis

A

cytosol

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14
Q

Enzymatic digestion of cell components and ingested matter

A

Lysosome

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15
Q

DNA replication and transcription, RNA processing

A

nucleus

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16
Q

Posttranslational processing of membrane and secretory proteins; formation of plasma membrane and secretory vesicles

A

Golgi apparatus

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17
Q

Synthesis of membrane-bound and secretory proteins

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

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18
Q

Lipid and steroid biosynthesis

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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19
Q

Oxidative reactions catalyzed by amino acid oxidases and catalase; glyoxylate cycle reactions in plants

A

Peroxisome (glyoxysome in plants)

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20
Q

is largely responsible for the synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors so as to maintain a relatively constant level of glucose in the circulation

A

mammalian liver

21
Q

specialized for storage of triacylglycerols.

A

adipose tissue

22
Q

rate of flow

A

flux

23
Q

Most enzymes in a metabolic pathway operate near what

A

equilibrium

24
Q

are Metabolic pathways reversible

A

no

25
Q

If a metabolite is converted to another metabolite by
an exergonic process, free energy must be supplied to what

A

convert the second metabolite back to
the first. This energetically“uphill” process requires a different pathway for at least one of the
reaction steps

26
Q

For the pathway as a whole, flux is set by what

A

the rate-determining step of the pathway

27
Q

is the pathway’s slowest step, which is often the first committed step of
the pathway.

A

the rate-determining step of the pathway

28
Q

Cellular mechanisms to control flux through the rate-determining steps

A

Allosteric control
Covalent modification
Substrate cycles
Genetic control

29
Q

example of Allosteric control

A

negative feedback
regulation

30
Q

the product of a pathway inhibits an earlier step in the pathway.

A

Allosteric control

31
Q

example of Covalent modification

A

enzymatic phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of ezymes

32
Q

to control by external signals such as hormones.

A

Covalent modification

33
Q

Controlling rates of two opposing
nonequilibrium reactions by different enzymes.

A

Substrate cycles

34
Q

Enzyme concentrations

A

Genetic control

35
Q

The“high-energy” intermediate

A

adenosine triphosphate (A TP)

36
Q

ATP consists of what

A

adenosine moiety (adenine + ribose)

37
Q

Why are the phosphoryl group-transfer reactions of A TP so exergonic?

A
  1. The resonance stabilization of a phosphoanhydride bond is less than that of its hydrolysis
    products.
  2. Another factor is the destabilizing effect of the electrostatic repulsions between the charged
    groups of a phosphoanhydride compared to those of its hydrolysis products.
  3. Another destabilizing influence is the smaller solvation energy of a phosphoanhydride
    compared to that of its hydrolysis products. Some estimates suggest that this factor provides
    the dominant thermodynamic driving force for the hydrolysis of phosphoanhydrides.
38
Q

In the absence of what even a thermodynamically favored reaction (ΔG < 0) may not occur in a living system.

A

an appropriate enzyme,

39
Q

functions similarly to drive some of the reactions of signal transduction.

A

GTP hydrolysis

40
Q

help maintain a relatively constant level of cellularA TP .

A

“High-energy” compounds other than ATP

41
Q

can be regenerated by coupling its
formation to a more highly exergonic metabolic process.

A

ATP

42
Q

The flow of energy from“high-energy” phosphate compounds to A TP are catalyzed by enzymes known as

A

kinases

43
Q

which transfer phosphoryl
groups from ATP to other compounds or from phosphorylated compounds to AD

A

kinases

44
Q

acts as an ATP “buffer” in cells of muscle and nerve cells that contain creatine kinase.

A

Phosphocreatine

45
Q

functions as a carrier of acetyl
and other acyl groups

A

CoA

46
Q

Macronutrients proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids are broken down by the digestive system
to their component

A

amino acids, monosaccharides, fatty acids, and glycero

46
Q

requires the intake of O2 and water, as well as micronutrients composed of vitamins and minerals

A

The metabolic utilization of the latter
substances

47
Q

is involved in nearly all reactions that involve A TP and other nucleotides, including the synthesis of DNA, RNA, and proteins.

A

Mg

48
Q

is a cofactor in a variety of enzymatic
reactions including that catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase

A

Zn 2+

49
Q

is a vital participant in signal transduction processes.

A

Ca

50
Q

Metabolic reactions are catalyzed by

A

enzymes

Biochemistry (17 decks)

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