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A & P Unit 2 > Chapter 8 Articulations > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Articulations Flashcards

1
Q

Joints are the ________ part of the skeleton.

A

Weakest

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2
Q

Definition of articulation is

A

the site where two or more bones meet

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3
Q

Functions of joints: give the skeleton_________ and _______ the skeleton _________.

A

mobility
hold
together

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4
Q

Two kinds of classifications of joints are

A

structural and functional

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5
Q

Three structural classifications are

A

fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial

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6
Q

Fibrous means

A

collagen fibers

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7
Q

Cartilaginous means

A

cartilage

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8
Q

Synovial means

A

fluid

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9
Q

Three functional classes of joints are (SAD)

A

Synarthroses
Ampiarthroses
Diarthroses

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10
Q

Synarthroses means

A

immovable

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11
Q

Ampiarthroses means

A

slightly movable

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12
Q

Diarthroses means

A

freely movable

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13
Q

Functional classification is based on the _______by the joint.

A

amount of movement allowed

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14
Q

Three types of fibrous joints are

A

sutures
syndemoses
gomphoses

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15
Q

With fibrous structural joints, the bones are

A

joined by fibrous tissues

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16
Q

There is no joint cavity with

A

fibrous structural joints

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17
Q

Most fibrous structural joints are

A

immovable

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18
Q

Sutures occur only between

A

the bones of the skull

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19
Q

Sutures are comprised of

A

interlocking junctions

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20
Q

Sutures are completely filled with

A

connective tissue fibers

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21
Q

Sutures bind bones tightly together, but allow for

A

growth during youth

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22
Q

In middle age, bones

A

fuse together

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23
Q

Sutures
Structural:_________
Functional:_________

A

Fibrous

Synarthroses

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24
Q

Syndemoses bones are connected by a

A

fibrous tissue ligament (interosseous membrane)

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25
Q

With syndemoses movement

A

varies from immovable to slightly movable

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26
Q

Syndemoses examples include the connection between what bones

A

tibia and fibula

radius and ulna

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27
Q

Syndemoses
Structural:_________
Functional:_________

A

Fibrous

Synarthroses and Amphiarthroses

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28
Q

Gomphoses is the ________________

A

peg-and-socket fibrous joint only between a tooth and its alveolar socket

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29
Q

With gomphoses the fibrous connection is the

A

periodontal ligament

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30
Q

Cartilaginous joints are articulating bones that are

A

united by cartilage

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31
Q

Cartilaginous joints lack

A

joint cavity

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32
Q

Two types of cartilaginous joints are

A

synchondroses and symphyses

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33
Q

Synchondroses is a _______________ that unites the bones

A

bar or plate of hyaline cartilage

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34
Q

All synchondroses are

A

synarthrotic

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35
Q

Examples of synchondroses are

A

epiphseal plate in children and the

joint between the costal cartilage of the first rib and the sternum

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36
Q

Synchondroses:
Structural:_________
Functional:_________

A

Cartilage

Synarthrotic

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37
Q

Symphyses is ______________ that covers the articulating surface of the bone and it’s fused to an intervening pad of fibrocartilage.

A

hyaline cartilage

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38
Q

Symphyses joints are

A

amphiarthrotic

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39
Q

Symphyses joints are designed for

A

strength and flexibility

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40
Q

Symphyses:
Structural:_________
Functional:_________

A

Cartilage

Ampthiarthoses

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41
Q

Examples of symphyses joints include

A

intervertebral joints and the pubic symphysis of the pelvis

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42
Q

Synovial joints are those joints in which the articulating bones are

A

separated by a fluid-containing joint cavity

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43
Q

All synovial joints are

A

freely movable diarthroses

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44
Q

Synovial Joints:
Structural:_________
Functional:_________

A

Synovial

Diarthrosis

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45
Q

Examples of synovial joints are

A

all limb joints and most joints of the body

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46
Q

Synovial joints have all of the following:

A

articular cartilage, joint (synovial) cavity, articular capsule, synovial fluid, reinforcing ligaments

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47
Q

Be able to list and label picture on page 254

A

labels

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48
Q

Articular cartilage covers

A

bone surfaces

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49
Q

Joint (synovial) cavity is filled with

A

synovial fluid

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50
Q

Articular capsule is

A

double layered

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51
Q

two layers of articular capsule are

A

external layer and synovial membrane

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52
Q

Synovial fluid is in

A

free spaces of joint capsule

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53
Q

Synovial fluid is derived from

A

filtered blood plasma and hyaluronic acid

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54
Q

Synovial fluid reduces

A

friction

55
Q

The external layer of the articular capsule is a ______, ______ and _______ capsule.

A

tough, flexible, fibrous

56
Q

The external layer of the articular capsule is _________ connective tissue

A

dense irregular

57
Q

The synovial membrane is ________ connective tissue

A

loose

58
Q

The synovial membrane lines the ________ _______ internally and covers ________ _______ surface.

A

fibrous capsule

internal joint

59
Q

Reinforcing ligaments of a synovial joint are

A

parts of fibrous capsule or outside the capsule

60
Q

Friction Reducing structures are ______ and _______.

A

bursae and tendon sheaths

61
Q

Bursae is

A

flattened, fibrous sacs lined with synovial membrane

62
Q

Tendon sheath is

A

the elongated bursa that wraps completely around the tendon

63
Q

Friction reducing structures, bursae and tendon sheaths are common where?

A

where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons or bones rub together

64
Q

The two muscle attachments across a joint are

A

origin and insertion

65
Q

Origin is the attachment to the

A

immovable bone

66
Q

Insertion is the attachment to the

A

movable bone

67
Q

Synovial joints: range of motion

4 words

A

nonaxial
uniaxial
biaxial
multiaxial

68
Q

Nonaxial is

A

slipping movements only

69
Q

uniaxial is

A

movement in one plane

70
Q

Biaxial is

A

movement in two planes

71
Q

multiaxial is

A

movement in or around all three planes

72
Q

Angular movement is

A 
flexion/extenstion
dorsiflexion and plantar flexion
abduction and adduction
circumduction
hypertension
73
Q

Flexion is

A

bending movement that decreases the angle of the joint

74
Q

Extension is

A

the reverse of flexion, it increases the angle of the joint

75
Q

dorsiflexion and plantar flexion is the

A

up and down movement of the foot

76
Q

abduction is

A

the movement away from the midline

77
Q

adduction is

A

the movement toward the midline

78
Q

circumduction is the

A

movement in a cone shape in space

79
Q

hypertension is

A

movement beyond the anatomical position

80
Q

Rotation is

A

the turning of a bone around its own long axis

81
Q

examples of rotation are

A

between the first two vertebrae and the hip and shoulder joints

82
Q

Supination is

A

anatomical position, hands up (holding a soup bowl)

83
Q

Pronation is

A

hands down

84
Q

inversion is

A

sole of foot turned medially

85
Q

eversion is

A

sole of foot turned laterally

86
Q

protraction is

A

the jaw jutted forward

87
Q

retraction is

A

the jaw pulled back

88
Q

elevation is

A

scapula raising when shrugging

89
Q

depression is

A

down (depressed)

90
Q

opposition is

A

the thumb only to touch other fingers on hand

91
Q

Types of synovial joints are (6 types)

A 
plane
hinge
pivot
condyloid or ellipsoidal
saddle
ball and socket
92
Q

Plane joints allow only

A

slipping or gliding movements

93
Q

in plane joints, articular surfaces are essentially

A

flat

94
Q

Examples of plane joints are

A

the wrist and the ankle

95
Q

Hinge joints motion is along a _____________ plane

A

singular

96
Q

Examples of hinge joints are

A

elbow and knee

97
Q

hinge joints are _________ joints that permit ______ and ______ only.

A

uniaxial

flexion and extension

98
Q

Plane joints are the only examples of _________ joints

A

nonaxial

99
Q

Pivot joints are where only ________ movement is allowed.

A

uniaxial

100
Q

Examples of the pivot joint are

A

the joint between the axis and atlas and the proximal radioulnar joint

101
Q

examples of condyloid joints are the

A

knuckles (metacarpophalangeal)

102
Q

With condyloid joints the _______joints ______ all angular motions.

A

biaxial

permit

103
Q

Saddle joints are similar to

A

condyloid joints

104
Q

saddle joints allow for

A

greater movement

105
Q

In a saddle joint, each articular surface has both a _____ and a _____ surface.

A

concave

convex

106
Q

Example of a saddle joint is

A

the thumb

107
Q

Concave means having a surface that curves

A

inward like the interior of a circle or sphere (hollow, scooped out)

108
Q

Convex means having a surface that curves

A

outward like the exterior of a circle or sphere (rounded, bulging)

109
Q

Ball and socket joints are _________ joints that permit the most ______ moving synovial joints.

A

multiaxial

freely

110
Q

examples of ball and socket joints are the

A

shoulder and hip joints

111
Q

Sprains are when the ligaments reinforcing a joint

A

are stretched or torn

112
Q

Partially torn ligaments

A

slowly repair themselves

113
Q

completely torn ligaments require

A

prompt surgical repair

114
Q

why do ligaments heal slowly?

A

the are poorly vascularized (lack blood supply)

115
Q

cartilage injuries are the _______ and ______ of overstressed cartilage

A

snap and pop

116
Q

Cartilage injuries are common

A

aerobics injury

117
Q

Cartilage injuries are repaired with

A

arthroscopic surgery

118
Q

dislocations occur when bones are

A

forced out of alignment

119
Q

dislocations usually are accompanied by ______, ________ and ________.

A

sprains
inflammation
joint immobilazation

120
Q

subluxation is

A

partial dislocation of a joint

121
Q

inflammatory and degenerative conditions include _____, ______, _______ and _______.

A

bursitis, tendonitis, arthritis and osteoarthritis

122
Q

bursitis is an

A

inflammation of a bursa usually caused by a blow or friction

123
Q

bursitis symptoms include

A

pain and swelling

124
Q

bursitis is treated with

A

anti-inflammatory drugs

125
Q

tendonitis is the

A

inflammation of tendon sheaths typically caused by overuse

126
Q

tendonitis symptoms and treatment are

A

similar to bursitis

127
Q

Acute forms of arthritis are caused by

A

bacteria.

128
Q

Acute forms of arthritis are treated with

A

antibiotics

129
Q

What is the most common chronic arthritis?

A

osteoarthritis

130
Q

Osteoarthritis is often called the

A

“wear and tear” arthritis

131
Q

Osteoarthritis affects more ______ then ______

A

women then men

132
Q

With osteoarthritis, the articular cartilage is destroyed

A

by enzymes

133
Q

OA is ______ and ________.

A

slow and irreversible

134
Q

OA is destroyed more quickly

A

then replaced

A & P Unit 2 (5 decks)

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