Chapter 8 Articulations Flashcards
1
Q
Joints are the ________ part of the skeleton.
A
Weakest
2
Q
Definition of articulation is
A
the site where two or more bones meet
3
Q
Functions of joints: give the skeleton_________ and _______ the skeleton _________.
A
mobility
hold
together
4
Q
Two kinds of classifications of joints are
A
structural and functional
5
Q
Three structural classifications are
A
fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial
6
Q
Fibrous means
A
collagen fibers
7
Q
Cartilaginous means
A
cartilage
8
Q
Synovial means
A
fluid
9
Q
Three functional classes of joints are (SAD)
A
Synarthroses
Ampiarthroses
Diarthroses
10
Q
Synarthroses means
A
immovable
11
Q
Ampiarthroses means
A
slightly movable
12
Q
Diarthroses means
A
freely movable
13
Q
Functional classification is based on the _______by the joint.
A
amount of movement allowed
14
Q
Three types of fibrous joints are
A
sutures
syndemoses
gomphoses
15
Q
With fibrous structural joints, the bones are
A
joined by fibrous tissues
16
Q
There is no joint cavity with
A
fibrous structural joints
17
Q
Most fibrous structural joints are
A
immovable
18
Q
Sutures occur only between
A
the bones of the skull
19
Q
Sutures are comprised of
A
interlocking junctions
20
Q
Sutures are completely filled with
A
connective tissue fibers
21
Q
Sutures bind bones tightly together, but allow for
A
growth during youth
22
Q
In middle age, bones
A
fuse together
23
Q
Sutures
Structural:_________
Functional:_________
A
Fibrous
Synarthroses
24
Q
Syndemoses bones are connected by a
A
fibrous tissue ligament (interosseous membrane)
25
With syndemoses movement
varies from immovable to slightly movable
26
Syndemoses examples include the connection between what bones
tibia and fibula
| radius and ulna
27
Syndemoses
Structural:_________
Functional:_________
Fibrous
| Synarthroses and Amphiarthroses
28
Gomphoses is the ________________
peg-and-socket fibrous joint only between a tooth and its alveolar socket
29
With gomphoses the fibrous connection is the
periodontal ligament
30
Cartilaginous joints are articulating bones that are
united by cartilage
31
Cartilaginous joints lack
joint cavity
32
Two types of cartilaginous joints are
synchondroses and symphyses
33
Synchondroses is a _______________ that unites the bones
bar or plate of hyaline cartilage
34
All synchondroses are
synarthrotic
35
Examples of synchondroses are
epiphseal plate in children and the
| joint between the costal cartilage of the first rib and the sternum
36
Synchondroses:
Structural:_________
Functional:_________
Cartilage
| Synarthrotic
37
Symphyses is ______________ that covers the articulating surface of the bone and it's fused to an intervening pad of fibrocartilage.
hyaline cartilage
38
Symphyses joints are
amphiarthrotic
39
Symphyses joints are designed for
strength and flexibility
40
Symphyses:
Structural:_________
Functional:_________
Cartilage
| Ampthiarthoses
41
Examples of symphyses joints include
intervertebral joints and the pubic symphysis of the pelvis
42
Synovial joints are those joints in which the articulating bones are
separated by a fluid-containing joint cavity
43
All synovial joints are
freely movable diarthroses
44
Synovial Joints:
Structural:_________
Functional:_________
Synovial
| Diarthrosis
45
Examples of synovial joints are
all limb joints and most joints of the body
46
Synovial joints have all of the following:
articular cartilage, joint (synovial) cavity, articular capsule, synovial fluid, reinforcing ligaments
47
Be able to list and label picture on page 254
labels
48
Articular cartilage covers
bone surfaces
49
Joint (synovial) cavity is filled with
synovial fluid
50
Articular capsule is
double layered
51
two layers of articular capsule are
external layer and synovial membrane
52
Synovial fluid is in
free spaces of joint capsule
53
Synovial fluid is derived from
filtered blood plasma and hyaluronic acid
54
Synovial fluid reduces
friction
55
The external layer of the articular capsule is a ______, ______ and _______ capsule.
tough, flexible, fibrous
56
The external layer of the articular capsule is _________ connective tissue
dense irregular
57
The synovial membrane is ________ connective tissue
loose
58
The synovial membrane lines the ________ _______ internally and covers ________ _______ surface.
fibrous capsule
| internal joint
59
Reinforcing ligaments of a synovial joint are
parts of fibrous capsule or outside the capsule
60
Friction Reducing structures are ______ and _______.
bursae and tendon sheaths
61
Bursae is
flattened, fibrous sacs lined with synovial membrane
62
Tendon sheath is
the elongated bursa that wraps completely around the tendon
63
Friction reducing structures, bursae and tendon sheaths are common where?
where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons or bones rub together
64
The two muscle attachments across a joint are
origin and insertion
65
Origin is the attachment to the
immovable bone
66
Insertion is the attachment to the
movable bone
67
Synovial joints: range of motion
| 4 words
nonaxial
uniaxial
biaxial
multiaxial
68
Nonaxial is
slipping movements only
69
uniaxial is
movement in one plane
70
Biaxial is
movement in two planes
71
multiaxial is
movement in or around all three planes
72
Angular movement is
```
flexion/extenstion
dorsiflexion and plantar flexion
abduction and adduction
circumduction
hypertension
```
73
Flexion is
bending movement that decreases the angle of the joint
74
Extension is
the reverse of flexion, it increases the angle of the joint
75
dorsiflexion and plantar flexion is the
up and down movement of the foot
76
abduction is
the movement away from the midline
77
adduction is
the movement toward the midline
78
circumduction is the
movement in a cone shape in space
79
hypertension is
movement beyond the anatomical position
80
Rotation is
the turning of a bone around its own long axis
81
examples of rotation are
between the first two vertebrae and the hip and shoulder joints
82
Supination is
anatomical position, hands up (holding a soup bowl)
83
Pronation is
hands down
84
inversion is
sole of foot turned medially
85
eversion is
sole of foot turned laterally
86
protraction is
the jaw jutted forward
87
retraction is
the jaw pulled back
88
elevation is
scapula raising when shrugging
89
depression is
down (depressed)
90
opposition is
the thumb only to touch other fingers on hand
91
Types of synovial joints are (6 types)
```
plane
hinge
pivot
condyloid or ellipsoidal
saddle
ball and socket
```
92
Plane joints allow only
slipping or gliding movements
93
in plane joints, articular surfaces are essentially
flat
94
Examples of plane joints are
the wrist and the ankle
95
Hinge joints motion is along a _____________ plane
singular
96
Examples of hinge joints are
elbow and knee
97
hinge joints are _________ joints that permit ______ and ______ only.
uniaxial
| flexion and extension
98
Plane joints are the only examples of _________ joints
nonaxial
99
Pivot joints are where only ________ movement is allowed.
uniaxial
100
Examples of the pivot joint are
the joint between the axis and atlas and the proximal radioulnar joint
101
examples of condyloid joints are the
knuckles (metacarpophalangeal)
102
With condyloid joints the _______joints ______ all angular motions.
biaxial
| permit
103
Saddle joints are similar to
condyloid joints
104
saddle joints allow for
greater movement
105
In a saddle joint, each articular surface has both a _____ and a _____ surface.
concave
| convex
106
Example of a saddle joint is
the thumb
107
Concave means having a surface that curves
inward like the interior of a circle or sphere (hollow, scooped out)
108
Convex means having a surface that curves
outward like the exterior of a circle or sphere (rounded, bulging)
109
Ball and socket joints are _________ joints that permit the most ______ moving synovial joints.
multiaxial
| freely
110
examples of ball and socket joints are the
shoulder and hip joints
111
Sprains are when the ligaments reinforcing a joint
are stretched or torn
112
Partially torn ligaments
slowly repair themselves
113
completely torn ligaments require
prompt surgical repair
114
why do ligaments heal slowly?
the are poorly vascularized (lack blood supply)
115
cartilage injuries are the _______ and ______ of overstressed cartilage
snap and pop
116
Cartilage injuries are common
aerobics injury
117
Cartilage injuries are repaired with
arthroscopic surgery
118
dislocations occur when bones are
forced out of alignment
119
dislocations usually are accompanied by ______, ________ and ________.
sprains
inflammation
joint immobilazation
120
subluxation is
partial dislocation of a joint
121
inflammatory and degenerative conditions include _____, ______, _______ and _______.
bursitis, tendonitis, arthritis and osteoarthritis
122
bursitis is an
inflammation of a bursa usually caused by a blow or friction
123
bursitis symptoms include
pain and swelling
124
bursitis is treated with
anti-inflammatory drugs
125
tendonitis is the
inflammation of tendon sheaths typically caused by overuse
126
tendonitis symptoms and treatment are
similar to bursitis
127
Acute forms of arthritis are caused by
bacteria.
128
Acute forms of arthritis are treated with
antibiotics
129
What is the most common chronic arthritis?
osteoarthritis
130
Osteoarthritis is often called the
"wear and tear" arthritis
131
Osteoarthritis affects more ______ then ______
women then men
132
With osteoarthritis, the articular cartilage is destroyed
by enzymes
133
OA is ______ and ________.
slow and irreversible
134
OA is destroyed more quickly
then replaced
