Chapter 8 - Applied psychology Flashcards
1
Q
T/F: Structuralism evolved into functionalism.
A
- TRUE
- Focus is no longer on what the mind is but what it does
2
Q
What Harry Hollingworth’s role in the lawsuit against the Coca-Cola company?
A
- Was hired by Coca-Cola to determine if it had actual harmful effects on human behaviour
- His success for Coke was a huge gain for applied psychology
3
Q
What happened between 1880-1900 concerning the growth of psychology in the US?
A
- Rapid growth of psychology research and practice in the US
- Increase in student interest
- America now leading on psychology
4
Q
What was the significance of the 1893 Chicago World’s Fair?
A
- Psychology put on display with research instruments and a demonstration testing laboratory (similar to Galton)
- Huge success
5
Q
What happened at the 1904 St. Louis World’s Fair?
A
- International Congress of Arts and Sciences
- 340 invited speakers across the sciences
- Hugo Munsterberg was a Vice President of the Congress
- Psychologist speakers included: Mary Whiton Calkins, John B. Watson, C. Lloyd Morgan, Edward B. Titchener, James McKeen Cattell, James Mark Baldwin, and many more
- Took psychology out of the lab and into the mainstream
6
Q
What were some of the economic influences that prompted psychology to become more applied?
A
- Job opportunities in academia are quickly being filled, new PhD graduates forced to look beyond university employment (definitely the case today)
- Hollingworth shows that psychology can be applied to advertising and has mass appeal
- Need for psychologists to enter other industries to escape poverty
- recognized that behaviour could be studied in real-world settings
7
Q
What did G. Stanley Hall propose regarding applied psychology?
A
- Proposes psychology needs to make its influence felt outside of the university (helped grow psychology’s influence)
- Applied fields: Education, big business/industry
- Psychological testing
- Criminal justice
- Mental health clinics
8
Q
Who best represented mental testing?
A
- James McKeen Cattell
- Promoted a practical, test-oriented approach to the study of mental processes
- Concerned with human abilities rather than the content of consciousness
- Closer to being a functionalist
9
Q
What’s the life story of James McKeen Cattell?
A
- Born in Easton, Pennsylvania
- Attended Lafayette College, where his father was the president
- Attended the University of Gottingen and then Leipzig to be Wundt’s lab assistant
- Was brash and opinionated, rejected Wundt’s introspection (after he left)
- Would spend some time after hours working on his own reaction time experiments
- 1882, returned to the US for a fellowship at Johns Hopkins
- Self-experimented with numerous drugs and recorded ow he felt in a journal
- Took courses with Hall
- Returned to Leipzig with Wundt, but studied his own ideas on reaction time (and individual differences)
- Taught Wundt how to use a typewriter
- Received his doctoral degree in 1886, then left Germany for London to meet Galton (described as “kindred spirits”)
- Galton inspired him to use statistics to examine data
- Cattell was already interested in individual differences but this was solidified
- Also became interested in eugenics
- At age 28, became a professor of psychology at the University of Pennsylvania (nepotism; very low pay0)
- After 3 years, left to become professor and department head at Columbia (stayed there 26 years, the department graduated more PhDs than any other American school
10
Q
Why was Cattell annoying to the Columbia administration?
A
- He created a lab and office at home so he could minimize coming to campus (his home was 40 miles from campus)
- He thought the faculty should be making decisions about the university, not the administration
- Helped to found the American Association of University Professors (AAUP)
- He was seen as egotistic, difficult, and sarcastic in dealing with administration
- Several times ‘forced retirement’ was considered
- Write letters to congress protesting sending draftees into combat in WW1
- Fired in 1917 for disloyalty to the US (FBI invaded his home)
- Sued the university and was awarded $40k
11
Q
What did Cattell’s mental tests entail?
A
- Used mental tests of motor skills and sensory capacities (unlike intelligence tests; skin sensitivity, colour naming, reaction time)
- Collected data over several years
- Found low correlations between test scores and academic performance (i.e., not a reliable or valid indicator of intelligence)
12
Q
What was Cattell’s influence on psychology?
A
- Known as a strong organizer and administrator of psychology as a science
- Formation of the AAUP
- Devised the order-of-merit ranking method to rank order based on average ratings
- Was a strong advocate for measuring individual differences and applied psychology
13
Q
What’s the life story of Alfred Binet?
A
- Born in Nice, France in 1857
- Son of a physician and an artist
- Parents divorced and he was raised by his mother (was a very shy and introverted child)
- Family was wealthy and he was able to pursue self-education (e.g., reading Darwin and Galton)
- Didn’t like law or medicine
- Was introduced to Jean Martin Charcot, and offered a position at the Salpetiere clinic of neurology and hypnosis
- In one study, he claimed to manipulate the sensations of a hypnotized patient with magnets. Later realized it was due to suggestion. His career took a hit because of this
- Left behind hypnosis for psychology
- Started by studying the intellectual growth of his own two daughters
- Initially used Galton and Cattell’s tests
- Then created tests similar to Piaget’s later tests
- Assessed cognitive functions like memory, attention, and comprehension
- Found differences between kids and adults
14
Q
Why did Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon collaborate together?
A
- Binet teamed up with the psychiatrist to work for the French ministry of public instruction
- Appointed to investigate intellectual tasks that children could master
- From this, they constructed their intelligence test with 30 problems arranged in ascending order of difficulty
- Three years later they expanded the test
15
Q
What did the 1905 Binet-Simon scale assess?
A
- His first test indicated that they did not believe that intelligence was a single ability
- Also suggested that inheritance was important but every person could grow intellectually
- Assessed mental age - the age at which children of average ability can perform certain tasks
- Binet coined the phrase and developed several tests to measure mental age
- His testing approach became more popular in the states than it did in France
16
Q
How did Binet differ in his understanding of intelligence compared to Galton and Cattell?
A
- Also thought there were environmental factors that influenced intelligence
17
Q
What was different with the 1908 Binet-Simon scale compared to the 1905 version?
A
- Revised their original scale, now included 58 tests
- Wanted to distinguish levels of intelligence in all children
- Previous scale separated only ‘normal’ from intellectually disabled
- Goal was to determine level of function (e.g., is a 6-year-old meeting expected milestones for that age group?)
18
Q
Who translated the Binet tests into English for use in America?
A
- Henry Goddard
- Coined the term “moron” which means slow in greek
19
Q
What was significant about the 1911 Binet-Simon Scale?
A
- The most refined scale they created
- Included normative data, and had five tests per age level
- The new test allowed for ‘partial’ years to be added into the intelligence equation
- Binet also emphasized not labelling children given the wide developmental trajectory (did not want to place hard limits as they may do better in future years)
20
Q
What were Binet’s contributions to psychology?
A
- Died in 1911 at age 54
- Never got to see the full fruits of his labor
- First true (valid) tests of intelligence
- Shown a light on intellectual potential and stimulation (not just inheritance)
- Emphasized that attention and stimulation are required in the classroom (i.e., environment has to be a certain way)
21
Q
What’s the life story of Lewis Terman?
A
- Born into a large family (14 kids) in Indiana
- Gave the members of his family a phrenology test when he was a child
- Attended a local college at age 15
- Taught at a rural school beginning at 17, eventually became a high school principal
- 1901, entered Indiana University
- Then studied under Hall at Clark University
- Had different interests than Hall, resulting in Edmund C. Sanford supervising his dissertation instead
- Developed tuberculosis in graduate school (quite sick for awhile)
- Chose sunny California for work.
- 1906 joined UCLA
- 1910 joined Stanford University
- 1922 chair of psychology department
- 1923 APA president
22
Q
Who invented the Intelligence Quotient (IQ)?
A
- Lewis Terman
- A number denoting a person’s intelligence
- Mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100
- Originally developed by German psychologist William Stern, but popularized by Terman after his test was released
23
Q
What did Terman discover when he applied the Binet tests in America?
A
- Results were not consistent across age groups (eg., questions were too easy for younger children and too hard for older children
- Terman and a graduate student modified it
- Deleted terms and added others
- Average score now 100 regardless of age
- Used IQ as the outcome of scoring
24
Q
What were Terman’s conclusions regarding intelligence?
A
- Thought intelligence is largely inherited
- In line with Galton, but not Binet
- A link between intelligence and morality (eg. criminals are people with low IQs; know this to not be the case)
- Thought that society had to adjust for large differences in IQ
- Need to ensure that the large number of people with low IQ can make he most of their ability (not necessarily a bad thing)
- However, he would refer to them as a liability (i.e., those with intellectual disabilities)
25
Q
What were Terman’s Termites?
A
- Study of genius
- “Early ripe, early rot”, developing too quickly would mean “less” in adulthood
Longitudinal study (3 decades) - Over 1500 children with IQs 135 or higher
- Average IQ of 151
- Recorded info on family history, health, personality
- Began in 1921, first results in 1926, 1927-28, in 1939-1940 (aged 29), and finally 1950-52
- Wanted to investigate what correlates with IQ over time
26
Q
What were the results of Terman’s termites?
A
- 70% of men, 67% of women finished university (impressive)
- 56% men, 33% of women had a graduate or professional degree
- Many professions: doctors, lawyers, scientists, actors, business
- “Gifted children grow into gifted adults”
- Also found that there are other contributing factors like poverty. Found poor kids did not do as well
- Psychological stability and susceptibility to disease were also major contributors
27
Q
How would psychologists aid the war effort?
A
- Psychological testing applied to the problem of assessing the level of intelligence of great numbers of recruits
- The Stanford-Binet was too complicated for mass testing
28
Q
What was the role of Robert Yerkes in the military?
A
- Also the president of the APA during WW1
- Army commission as a major
- Team of 40 psychologists to design an applicable intelligent test
29
Q
What were the two tests that were developed by Yerkes for intelligence testing during WW1?
A
- Army alpha - verbal test, ability to follow directions
- Army Beta - For non-english-speaking or illiterate people. Non-verbal test, ability to follow directions
30
Q
How was intelligence testing viewed after WW1?
A
- Psychological testing gained public acceptance
- The public education system was reorganized around the concept of the intelligence quotient
- Many psychologists found employment developing and applying psychological tests
- Personality tests were beginning to get developed
- Also discovered the rate of illiteracy was very high in America
31
Q
What’s the life story of Henry Goddard?
A
- Born in New England to a religious family
- Attended Haverford College, then entered the doctoral program at Clark under Hall
- Upon graduating, took a teaching position at Pennsylvania’s State Normal School
- Then the New Jersey Training School, which educated intellectually disabled children
- He translated the Binet-Simon test (also a proponent of inheritance of intelligence)
32
Q
What’s Ellis Island?
A
- The main port of entrance for immigrants in the US
- A lot of Irish immigrants
33
Q
What occurred in Ellis Island from 1905 to 1913?
A
- Millions of immigrants from Europe
- 1912, Goddard was hired to administer the Binet-Simon scale to immigrants
- The “mentally defective” were deported (this was as high as 40 to 50%)
- Later examination of his work revealed horrible testing conditions, unreliable translators administering the test (people didn’t understand what was going on)
34
Q
What were some of the cultural bias issues with the IQ testing administered at Ellis Island?
A
- Early IQ testing showed African Americans and other minorities had lower IQs
- Some thought this meant that these groups were inherently less intelligent
- However, later evidence showed that IQ differences are environmental, not biological
- Differences also due to some biases in earlier tests
35
Q
What important research did Horace Mann Bond do?
A
- African-American scholar and president of Lincoln University
- Argued that IQ score differences between Blacks and Whites due to the environment
- Found that Blacks in northern states had higher IQs than Whites in Southern states (northern states were more enriched)
36
Q
Who was Florence L. Goodenough?
A
- Professor at University of Minnesota
- Also developed the institute of child development
- Developed the Draw-A-Man test (still used today)
- Called the Goodenough-Harris Drawing test
- Developed non-verbal intelligence testing children
37
Q
Who is Maude Merrill James?
A
- Wrote with Lewis Terman the 1937 revision of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test
- Became a director of psychological clinic for children in California
38
Q
Who was Psyche Cattell?
A
- Daughter of McKeen Cattell
- Would not pay for her education because he didn’t think she was smart enough
- Got a PhD from Harvard
- Developed the Cattell INfant Intelligence Scale (could be used on 3-month olds)
- First single woman in the US to adopt a child
39
Q
Who was Anne Anastasi?
A
- Earned a PhD at 21
- Professor at Fordham University
- Published more than 150 articles
- A well-known authority on psychological testing
- Most prominent female psychologist in the English-speaking world
- Diagnosed with cervical cancer at 25
40
Q
What’s the life story of Lightner Witmer?
A
- Born to a prominent family in Philadelphia
- Attended UPenn in 1888
- Studied with Cattell for a time
- Completed his PhD at Leipzig with Wundt
- Took a faculty position at UPenn and stayed there for 45 years
- One of the original founding group of the APA in 1892
- 1896-97, he wrote two papers which mentioned “psychology clinic” for the first time
- In 1896, he opened the first ever psychology clinic at UPenn
- 1907, “Psychological Clinic” journal
- 1908, established a residential school for troubled kids
- Died in 1956 at age 89
41
Q
What were Lightner Witmer’s contributions to clinical psychology?
A
- Began the field of clinical psychology
- Started the world’s first psychology clinic
- Interested in assessing and treating learning and behavioural problems in schoolchildren
- Offered the first college course on clinical psychology
- Started the first clinical psychology journal
42
Q
What did Witmer’s clinics for evaluating children entail?
A
- Physical evaluation: emotional and cognitive functioning could be affected by physical problems
- Social workers gave summary of family history: genetic factors largely responsible for behavioural and cognitive disturbances
- Later, Witmar realized that environmental factors were important. He thought it was important to improve the conditions of the home
43
Q
WHat did the growth of clinical psychology look like?
A
- It grew slowly over time
- Several textbooks were written
- Freud’s popularity raised interest in mental health
- WW2 (1940s) - recruiting for the war identified many psychological issues in recruits
- Treatment was needed for returning soldiers
- The Department of veteran affairs started employing a lot of psychologists
44
Q
What’s the life story of Walter Dill Scott?
A
- Born on a farm in Illinois and showed an interest in efficiency from an early age
- Brought books with him to study while plowing fields
- His father was ill so he had a large workload
- Sold berries and had odd jobs to pay for university
- Attended Illinois State Normal University and then Northwestern
- Scott and his wife Anna, left for Germany in 1898
- He worked with Wundt, and she completed a PhD in literature
- Joined Northwestern University
- Moved away from Wundt’s psychology
- Applied psychology to personnel selection, management, and advertising
- Also becoming largely popular for academic who needed jobs
45
Q
How did Scott apply psychology to advertising?
A
- Leaned into human suggestibility
- Argued that consumers often do not act rationally, they can be easily influenced
- Women were more easily persuaded
- Recommended that advertisers use direct commands
- Many advertisers
46
Q
How did Scott apply psychology to employee selection?
A
- Rating scales and group tests to measure the characteristics of successful people
- Measured IQ, but also how they used their IQ
- Described how judgement, quickness, and accuracy were used
- He didn’t formulate any theories but was able to demonstrate the importance of applied psychology
47
Q
Who was Lillian Gilbreth?
A
- Promoted time-and-motion analysis as a technique to improve efficiency in job performance (“filmed people on the job”)
- Discriminated against for being a woman in business and in publishing
- Ideas applied to organization of the home
- Ex. the shelves on the inside of the refrigerator door
- Inspired movie “Cheaper by the Dozen”
48
Q
What’s the life story of Hugo Munsterberg?
A
- Born in Poland to a prominent family
- Was an accomplished child with many interests
- Entered University of Leipzig and eventually became Wundt’s graduate student
- PhD at age 22, then medical school
- Began teaching at University of Freiburg
- James hired him as Harvard psychology lab director in 1892 (had a hard time getting a job in Germany)
- He took the lab in a different direction
49
Q
Why was Hugo Munsterberg a controversial figure?
A
- Administered psychological tests to a defendant at a criminal trial, was ridiculed afterward. The criminal killed 18 people
- Took money from the alcohol industry when opposing prohibition
- Controversial beliefs about women in academia (thought graduate work too demanding for women)
- Support of Germany during WW1
- Eventually ostracized by colleagues
- Died of a stroke at work in 1916
50
Q
What were Munsterberg’s contributions to forensic psychology?
A
- Forensic psychology and eyewitness testimony: psychology and the law
- Crime prevention
- Hypnosis to question suspects
- Mental tests to detect guilty persons
- The questionable trustworthiness of eyewitness testimony
51
Q
What were Hugo Munsterberg’s contributions to psychotherapy?
A
- 1908, wrote a book Psychotherapy
- Treated patients in his lab free of charge
- Used suggestion and his stature as an authority figure
- Believed mental illness was really a behavioural maladjustment problem (“there is no subconscious”)
- His version of therapy was denounced by Witmer and Freud
52
Q
What did applied psychology end up looking like in the US?
A
- End of world wars: applied psychology becomes a more respected profession
- Academic psychology benefited from success of applied psychology during war years
- People believed psychologists could fix and sell anything
- Increasing demand to fix real-world problems
- More popular than academic psychology
- Today, fewer than 30% of psychologists work in academia
- IO got a lot of criticism during the 193s because of the depression
