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Biology > Chapter 8 And 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 And 9 Flashcards

1
Q

The totality of an organisms chemical reactions

A

Metabolism

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2
Q

Breakdown pathways

A

Catabolic pathways

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3
Q

Consume energy to build complicated molecules from simpler ones

A

Anabolic pathways

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4
Q

It is energy that matter possesses because of it location or structure

A

Potential energy

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5
Q

A measure of disorder

A

Enthropu

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6
Q

Is the portion of a systems energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform through the system, as in a living cell

A

Free energy

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7
Q

Net release of free energy

A

Exergonic reaction

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8
Q

Absorbs free energy from its surroundings

A

Endogonic reaction

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9
Q

The recipient of a phosphate group

A

Phosphorylated

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10
Q

A chemical agent that speeds to a reaction without being consumed by the reaction

A

Catalyst

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11
Q

A macromolecule that acts as a catalase

A

Wnzyme

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12
Q

The energy required to contort the reactant molecules so the bonds can break

A

Activation energy

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13
Q

At the summit when the reactants are in an unstable condition

A

Transition state

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14
Q

The reactant an enzyme acts on

A

Substrate

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15
Q

Is typically a poket or groove on the surface of the protein where catalysis occurs

A

Active site

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16
Q

Enzyme changes shape slightly so that the active site fits even more snugly around the substrate

A

Induced fit

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17
Q

Bound tightly to enzymes as permanent residents

A

Cofactor

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18
Q

If cofactor is organic molecules

A

Coenzymes

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19
Q

Reduce the production of enzymes by blocking substrates from entering active site

A

Competitive inhibitors

20
Q

Do not directly compete with the substrate to bind to the enzyme at the active site

A

Non competitive inhibitors

21
Q

Is the term used to describe any care in which a proteins function at one site is affective by the binding of a regulatory molecule to a seperate site

A

Allosteric regulation

22
Q

a metabolic pathway that is switched off by the inhibitory binding of its end product to an enzyme that acts early in the pathway

A

feedback inhibition

23
Q

mechanism that amplifies the responce of enzymes to substrates

A

cooperativity

24
Q

molecules aerobic and anarobic processes

A

cellular respiration

25
Q

election transfers from one reaction to another

A

redox reaction

26
Q

the loss of electron from one substrate

A

oxidation

27
Q

the addition of electrons from one substate

A

reduction

28
Q

the electron donor

A

reducing agent

29
Q

the electron acceptor

A

oxidizing agent

30
Q

an electron carrier

A

NAD+

31
Q

used to break the fall of electrons to oxygen into several energy releasing steps

A

electron transport chain

32
Q

occurs in the cytosool begins the degredation preocess by breaking glucose into two molecules of a compound called puruvate

A

glycolsis

33
Q

an enzyme that transfers a phosphate group from ATP to sugar, investing another molecule of ATP in glycolsis

A

phosphofructokinase (PFK)

34
Q

smaller amount of ATP formed in a few reactions of glycolsis in the citric acid cycle through this mechanism

A

substrate llevel phosphorylation

35
Q

the degradation process by breaking glucose into two molecules of a compound

A

pyruvate

36
Q

takes place iin mitochondrial matrix of eukaryotic cells or in the cytosol of prokaryotes it completes the breakdown of glucose bt oxidizing a derivatine of pyruvate to carbon dioxide

A

citric acid cycle

37
Q

while entering the mitrochondion via active transport pyruvate is the first converted to this compound

A

acetyl- CoA

38
Q

are most of the remaining electron characters between vbiquinine and oxygen are proteins

A

cytochrome

39
Q

make ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate

A

ATP synthase

40
Q

the process in which energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane is used to drive cellular work like synthesis for ATP

A

chemiosmosis

41
Q

the H+ gradient that results is to as …

A

proton motive force

42
Q

pyruvate is converted to etanol in 2 steps

A

alchol fermentation

43
Q

pyruvate is reduced directly by NADH to form lactate as anena product with no release of CO2

A

lactic acid fermentation

44
Q

can make enough ATP to survive using fermentation or respiration

A

faculative anaerobe

45
Q

breaks the fatty acid down to 2 carbon fragments which enter the citric acid cycle as acelylcon

A

beta oxidation

Biology (3 decks)

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