Chapter 8 And 9 Flashcards
The totality of an organisms chemical reactions
Metabolism
Breakdown pathways
Catabolic pathways
Consume energy to build complicated molecules from simpler ones
Anabolic pathways
It is energy that matter possesses because of it location or structure
Potential energy
A measure of disorder
Enthropu
Is the portion of a systems energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform through the system, as in a living cell
Free energy
Net release of free energy
Exergonic reaction
Absorbs free energy from its surroundings
Endogonic reaction
The recipient of a phosphate group
Phosphorylated
A chemical agent that speeds to a reaction without being consumed by the reaction
Catalyst
A macromolecule that acts as a catalase
Wnzyme
The energy required to contort the reactant molecules so the bonds can break
Activation energy
At the summit when the reactants are in an unstable condition
Transition state
The reactant an enzyme acts on
Substrate
Is typically a poket or groove on the surface of the protein where catalysis occurs
Active site
Enzyme changes shape slightly so that the active site fits even more snugly around the substrate
Induced fit
Bound tightly to enzymes as permanent residents
Cofactor
If cofactor is organic molecules
Coenzymes
Reduce the production of enzymes by blocking substrates from entering active site
Competitive inhibitors
Do not directly compete with the substrate to bind to the enzyme at the active site
Non competitive inhibitors
Is the term used to describe any care in which a proteins function at one site is affective by the binding of a regulatory molecule to a seperate site
Allosteric regulation
a metabolic pathway that is switched off by the inhibitory binding of its end product to an enzyme that acts early in the pathway
feedback inhibition
mechanism that amplifies the responce of enzymes to substrates
cooperativity
molecules aerobic and anarobic processes
cellular respiration
election transfers from one reaction to another
redox reaction
the loss of electron from one substrate
oxidation
the addition of electrons from one substate
reduction
the electron donor
reducing agent
the electron acceptor
oxidizing agent
an electron carrier
NAD+
used to break the fall of electrons to oxygen into several energy releasing steps
electron transport chain
occurs in the cytosool begins the degredation preocess by breaking glucose into two molecules of a compound called puruvate
glycolsis
an enzyme that transfers a phosphate group from ATP to sugar, investing another molecule of ATP in glycolsis
phosphofructokinase (PFK)
smaller amount of ATP formed in a few reactions of glycolsis in the citric acid cycle through this mechanism
substrate llevel phosphorylation
the degradation process by breaking glucose into two molecules of a compound
pyruvate
takes place iin mitochondrial matrix of eukaryotic cells or in the cytosol of prokaryotes it completes the breakdown of glucose bt oxidizing a derivatine of pyruvate to carbon dioxide
citric acid cycle
while entering the mitrochondion via active transport pyruvate is the first converted to this compound
acetyl- CoA
are most of the remaining electron characters between vbiquinine and oxygen are proteins
cytochrome
make ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate
ATP synthase
the process in which energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane is used to drive cellular work like synthesis for ATP
chemiosmosis
the H+ gradient that results is to as …
proton motive force
pyruvate is converted to etanol in 2 steps
alchol fermentation
pyruvate is reduced directly by NADH to form lactate as anena product with no release of CO2
lactic acid fermentation
can make enough ATP to survive using fermentation or respiration
faculative anaerobe
breaks the fatty acid down to 2 carbon fragments which enter the citric acid cycle as acelylcon
beta oxidation
