Chapter 8 And 9

Question 1

The totality of an organisms chemical reactions

Answer 1

Metabolism

Question 2

Breakdown pathways

Answer 2

Catabolic pathways

Question 3

Consume energy to build complicated molecules from simpler ones

Answer 3

Anabolic pathways

Question 4

It is energy that matter possesses because of it location or structure

Answer 4

Potential energy

Question 5

A measure of disorder

Answer 5

Enthropu

Question 6

Is the portion of a systems energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform through the system, as in a living cell

Answer 6

Free energy

Question 7

Net release of free energy

Answer 7

Exergonic reaction

Question 8

Absorbs free energy from its surroundings

Answer 8

Endogonic reaction

Question 9

The recipient of a phosphate group

Answer 9

Phosphorylated

Question 10

A chemical agent that speeds to a reaction without being consumed by the reaction

Answer 10

Catalyst

Question 11

A macromolecule that acts as a catalase

Answer 11

Wnzyme

Question 12

The energy required to contort the reactant molecules so the bonds can break

Answer 12

Activation energy

Question 13

At the summit when the reactants are in an unstable condition

Answer 13

Transition state

Question 14

The reactant an enzyme acts on

Answer 14

Substrate

Question 15

Is typically a poket or groove on the surface of the protein where catalysis occurs

Answer 15

Active site

Question 16

Enzyme changes shape slightly so that the active site fits even more snugly around the substrate

Answer 16

Induced fit

Question 17

Bound tightly to enzymes as permanent residents

Answer 17

Cofactor

Question 18

If cofactor is organic molecules

Answer 18

Coenzymes

Question 19

Reduce the production of enzymes by blocking substrates from entering active site

Answer 19

Competitive inhibitors

Question 20

Do not directly compete with the substrate to bind to the enzyme at the active site

Answer 20

Non competitive inhibitors

Question 21

Is the term used to describe any care in which a proteins function at one site is affective by the binding of a regulatory molecule to a seperate site

Answer 21

Allosteric regulation

Question 22

a metabolic pathway that is switched off by the inhibitory binding of its end product to an enzyme that acts early in the pathway

Answer 22

feedback inhibition

Question 23

mechanism that amplifies the responce of enzymes to substrates

Answer 23

cooperativity

Question 24

molecules aerobic and anarobic processes

Answer 24

cellular respiration

Question 25

election transfers from one reaction to another

Answer 25

redox reaction

Question 26

the loss of electron from one substrate

Answer 26

oxidation

Question 27

the addition of electrons from one substate

Answer 27

reduction

Question 28

the electron donor

Answer 28

reducing agent

Question 29

the electron acceptor

Answer 29

oxidizing agent

Question 30

an electron carrier

Answer 30

NAD+

Question 31

used to break the fall of electrons to oxygen into several energy releasing steps

Answer 31

electron transport chain

Question 32

occurs in the cytosool begins the degredation preocess by breaking glucose into two molecules of a compound called puruvate

Answer 32

glycolsis

Question 33

an enzyme that transfers a phosphate group from ATP to sugar, investing another molecule of ATP in glycolsis

Answer 33

phosphofructokinase (PFK)

Question 34

smaller amount of ATP formed in a few reactions of glycolsis in the citric acid cycle through this mechanism

Answer 34

substrate llevel phosphorylation

Question 35

the degradation process by breaking glucose into two molecules of a compound

Answer 35

pyruvate

Question 36

takes place iin mitochondrial matrix of eukaryotic cells or in the cytosol of prokaryotes it completes the breakdown of glucose bt oxidizing a derivatine of pyruvate to carbon dioxide

Answer 36

citric acid cycle

Question 37

while entering the mitrochondion via active transport pyruvate is the first converted to this compound

Answer 37

acetyl- CoA

Question 38

are most of the remaining electron characters between vbiquinine and oxygen are proteins

Answer 38

cytochrome

Question 39

make ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate

Answer 39

ATP synthase

Question 40

the process in which energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane is used to drive cellular work like synthesis for ATP

Answer 40

chemiosmosis

Question 41

the H+ gradient that results is to as ...

Answer 41

proton motive force

Question 42

pyruvate is converted to etanol in 2 steps

Answer 42

alchol fermentation

Question 43

pyruvate is reduced directly by NADH to form lactate as anena product with no release of CO2

Answer 43

lactic acid fermentation

Question 44

can make enough ATP to survive using fermentation or respiration

Answer 44

faculative anaerobe

Question 45

breaks the fatty acid down to 2 carbon fragments which enter the citric acid cycle as acelylcon

Answer 45

beta oxidation