Chapter 8 Flashcards
Vicarious reinforcement
A phenomenon where a response increases in frequency when another (observed) person is reinforced for that response
Vicarious punishment
A phenomenon where a response decreases in frequency when another (observed) person is punished for that response. The non-occurrence of expected reinforcement is a form of punishment (Bandura)
Incentive
A hoped for, but not certain, consequence of behaviour. It is effective only if it is obtainable and a student perceives it as such
Live model
An individual whose behaviour is observed “in the flesh”
Symbolic model
A real, or fictional character portrayed in the media that influences an observers’ behaviour
Observational learning effect
Occurs when an observer acquires a new behaviour after watching someone else demonstrate it
Response facilitation effect
Occurs when an observer displays a previously learned behaviour more frequently after seeing someone else being reinforced for that behaviour
Response inhibition effect
Occurs when an observer displays a previously learned behaviour less frequently after seeing someone else being punished for that behaviour
Response disinhibition effect
Occurs when an observer displays a previously forbidden or punished behaviour more frequently because they saw someone else exhibit that behaviour without adverse consequences
Self-efficacy
The belief that one is capable of executing certain behaviours or reaching certain goals
Resilient self-efficacy
The belief that one can perform a task successfully, even after experiencing setbacks; includes the belief that effort and perseverance are essential to success
Collective self-efficacy
People’s beliefs about their ability to be successful when they work together on a task (includes teachers and students)
Self-regulation
The process of setting standards and goals for oneself and engaging in cognitive processes and behaviours that lead to the accomplishment of those standards and goals
Self-regulated behaviour
Engaging in self-chosen behaviours that lead to the accomplishment of personally chosen standards and goals
Self-instructions
Students give themselves instructions (either aloud or silently) to help them guide their actions
Self-imposed contingencies
Students impose their own consequences for success or failure
Self-regulated learning
Regulating one’s own cognitive processes to learn successfully; includes goal-setting, planning, attention control, use of effective learning strategies, self-monitoring and self-evaluation (requires intrinsic motivation)
Self-regulated problem solving strategies
A strategy that helps students solve their own interpersonal problems, particularly for those who have difficulties interacting appropriately with their peers
Mediation training
Training that involves teaching students how to mediate conflicts among classmates by asking opposing sides to express their differing viewpoints and then work together to devise a reasonable resolution
Reciprocal causation
The inter-dependence of environment, behaviour and personal variables as these three factors influence learning
Social learning
Learning that occurs as a result of social interaction. Learning is viewed in terms of products and processes
Products in social learning
the socially accepted behaviour
Processes in social learning
learning the socially accepted behaviours
