chapter 8-9 vocab terms Flashcards
bivariate correlation
an association that involves exactly two variables (bivariate association)
effect size
the magnitudes or strength of a relationship between two or more variables
statistically significant
the conclusion assigned when p<0.05 that is, when it is unlikely the result came from the null hypothesis population
replication
the process of conducting a study again to test whether the result is consistent
restriction of range
in a bivariate correlation, the absence of a full range of possible scores on one of the variables, to the relationship from the sample underestimates the true correlation
curvilinear association
an association between two variables which is not a straight line; instead as one variable increase, the level of the other variable increases and then decreases (and vice versa)
directionality problem
in a correlational study, the occurrence of both variables being measured around the same time, making it unclear which variable in the association came first
third-variable problem
in a correlational study, the existence of a plausible alternative explanation for the association between two variables
spurious association
a bivariate association that is attributable only to systematic mean differences in subgroups within the sample; the original association is not present within the subgroups
moderator
a variable that, depending on its level, changes the relationship between two other variables
outlier
a score that stands out as either much higher or much lower than most of the other scores in a sample
multivariate design
a study designed to test an association involving more than two measured variables
longitudinal design
a study in which the same variables are measured in the same people at different points in time
cross-sectional correlation
in a longitudinal design, a correlation between two variables that are measured at the same time
autocorrelation
in a longitudinal design, the correlation of one variable with itself, measured at two different times
cross-lag correlation
In a longitudinal design, a correlation between an earlier measure of one variable and a later measure of another variable
multiple regression
a statistical technique that computes the relationship between a predictor variable and a criterion variable, controlling for other predictor variables
control for
holding a potential third variable at a constant level while investigating the association between two other variables
criterion variable
the variable in a multiple-regression analysis that the researchers are most interested in understanding or prediciting
predictor variable
a variable in multiple regression analysis that is used to explain variance in the criterion variable
parsimony
the degree to which a theory provides the simplest explanation of some phenomenon. In the context of investigating a claim, the simplest explanation of a pattern of data; the best explanation that requires making the fewest exceptions or qualification
mediator
a variable that helps explain the relationship between two other variables
multivariate design
a study designed to test an association involving more than two measured variables
longitudinal design
a study in which the same variables are measured in the same people at different points in time.
cross-sectional correlation
In a longitudinal design, a correlation between two variables that are measured at the same time.
autocorrelation
In a longitudinal design, the correlation of one variable with itself is measured at two different times.
cross-lag correlation
In a longitudinal design, a correlation between an earlier measure of one variable and a later measure of another variable
multiple regression
a statistical technique that computes the relationship between a predictor variable and a criterion variable, controlling for other predictor variables
control for
holding a potential third at a constant level while investigating the association between two other variables
criterion variable
the variable in a multiple regression analysis that the researchers are most interested in understanding or predicting (dependent variable)
predictor variable
a variable in multiple-regression analysis that is used to explain variance in the criterion variable (independent variable)
parisomony
the degree to which a theory provides the simplest explanation of some phenomenon. In the context of investigating a claim, the simplest explanation of a pattern of data; the best explanation that requires making the fewest exception or qualification
mediator
a variable that helps explain the relationship between two other variables (mediating variable)
