chapter 1-3 Vocab terms

Question 1

empiricism

Answer 1

Use of evidence as a basis for conclusions; collecting data and using it to develop/support/challenge a theory

Question 2

theory

Answer 2

statement or set of statements that describe general principles about how variables relate to one another

Question 3

hypothesis

Answer 3

statement of a specific result you expect to observe or happen from a study

Question 4

data

Answer 4

set of observations

Question 5

applied research

Answer 5

research whose goal is to find a soln to real world problem

Question 6

basic research

Answer 6

goal is to enhance general body of knowledge without implications to the real world

Question 7

translational research

Answer 7

research that uses knowledge derived from basic research to develop and test solutions

Question 8

falsifiable

Answer 8

feature of a scientific theory in which it’s possible to collect data that theory is wrong

Question 9

universalism

Answer 9

stating that scientific claims are evaluated according to their merit

Question 10

communality

Answer 10

scientific knowledge is created by a community

Question 11

disinterestedness

Answer 11

scientists strive to discover the truther whatever it is

Question 12

confound

Answer 12

potential alternative explanation for results, threat to validity

Question 13

confederate

Answer 13

actor who is playing a role in a study

Question 14

availability heuristic

Answer 14

bias in intuition, people incorrectly estimate the frequency of something relying on instances that come to mind instead of using all possible evidence

Question 15

present bias

Answer 15

bias in intuition where people incorrectly estimate the relationship between an event and its outcome

Question 16

confirmation bias

Answer 16

tendency to consider only evidence that supports a hypothesis including asking questions that lead to that hypothesis

Question 17

construct/conceptual variable

Answer 17

name of something being studied, variable of interest

Question 18

conceptual definition

Answer 18

careful theoretical definition of a construct

Question 19

operational definition (operationalization)

Answer 19

how the construct is measured/manipulated in a study

Question 20

frequency claims

Answer 20

claim that describes a particular rate of degree of a single variable

Question 21

association claim

Answer 21

claim about 2 variables, in which the level of one variable is said to vary systematically with value of another

Question 22

casual claim

Answer 22

claim arguing that a specific change in one variable is responsible for influencing the value of another

Question 23

positive association

Answer 23

association in which high levels of one variable go with high levels of the other, low levels of 1 variable go with low levels of the other (positive correlation)

Question 24

negative association

Answer 24

association of high with low levels, vice versa (negative correlation)

Question 25

zero association

Answer 25

lack of systematic association between two variables

Question 26

validity

Answer 26

appropriateness of a conclusion

Question 27

construct validity

Answer 27

indication of how well a variable was measured or manipulated in a study

Question 28

external validity

Answer 28

indication of how well the results of a study generalize to or represent individuals besides those in the study itself

Question 29

generalizability

Answer 29

extent in which the subjects in a study represent the populations they are intended to represent

Question 30

statistical validity

Answer 30

extent to which statistical conclusions derived from a study are accurate and reasonable

Question 31

internal validity

Answer 31

one of the criteria for establishing a causal claim; is a study’s ability to rule out any other explanations for a casual relationship between two variables.

Question 32

independent variable

Answer 32

variable that’s manipulated

Question 33

dependent variable

Answer 33

the variable that is measured