Chapter 8/9 Flashcards
the bending of light as it enters the eye and passes through the cornea and lens, ultimately focusing light onto the retina for clear vision
refraction
the ability to adjust focus and see objects clearly at different distances by changing the shape (curvature) of the eye’s natural lens.
Accommodation
eye condition where the cornea or lens has an irregular shape, causing light to focus unevenly on the retina and resulting in blurry vision at all distances.
Astigmatism
aka farsightedness, refractive error where the eye focuses light behind the retina… causes close objects to appear blurry.
Hyperopia
aka nearsightedness, common eye condition where distant objects appear blurry.. caused by the eye’s shape or parts not refracting light correctly.
Myopia
the age-related, natural loss of the eye’s ability to focus on nearby objects
Presbyopia
when fluid builds up in the front of the eye, increasing pressure (intraocular pressure). This pressure can damage the optic nerve
Glaucoma
perception of sound (like ringing, buzzing, or hissing) in one or both ears, or in your head, when no external sound is present.
tinnitus
a sensation of spinning or movement when you are still
vertigo
earwax is also known as ___
cerumen
phac/o & phak/o
lens
cor/o & core/o
Pupil
blephar/o
Eyelid
corne/o
Cornea
retinol/o
Retina
lacrimal/o
Lacrimal glands
conjunctiv/o
Conjunctiva
What is the lens?
a clear, curved structure at the front of the eye behind the pupil that focuses light rays making an image on the retina
What is the pupil?
the black, circular opening that controls how much light enters the eye.
What is the eyelid?
movable fold of skin and muscle that covers and protects the eye
What is the cornea?
transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside
What is the retina?
the light-sensitive tissue lining the back of the eye that converts light into nerve signals
What is the lacrimal glands?
located above the outer corner of the eye. Its primary function is to produce tears
What is the conjunctiva?
a thin, transparent mucous membrane that covers the inner surface of the eyelids and the white part of the eyeball
Ocul/o, opt/o, opthalm/o
eye
Cochlea function and location
inner ear, converts sound waves to electric signals
Eustachian tube function and location
middle ear and equalize pressure
Tympanic membrane location and function
outer ear, eardrum that is funnel shape that separates outer ear from middle
tympan/o
eardrum, middle ear
myring/o
eardrum, middle ear
cochle/o
cochlea
audi/o, audit/o, auricul/o, aur/o
hearing
Ot/o
ear
conjunctivitis
pink eye caused by infection
otitis media
inflammation or infection located in the middle ear
otitis externa
n inflammation of the external ear canal
glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream
Endocrine glands
secrete hormones to target areas by sending it through a tube or duct to get there.
Exocrine glands
lab test that tells your average blood sugar levels over 2-3 months. Greater than 6%-6.4% HgbA1C is indicative for diabetes.
Glycated Hemoglobin (Hemoglobin A1C)
If blood sugar is too low the pancreas secretes____
glucagon
where is glucagon made
alpha cells
Term for making sugar
glucogenesis
high blood sugar level
hyperglycemia
blood sugar is too high because insulin does not appropriately carry the sugar from the bloodstream into the cells.
diabetes
____ lower blood sugar by taking sugar into the cells
insulin
___is secreted in pancreas by beta cells, which are located in Islets of Langerhans
insulin
Adrenal glands function
regulate growth, metabolism, secrete CATECHOLAMINES, secrete cortisol, and regulate water and electrolytes (sodium, potassium, etc) in the body.
What are the two catecholamines? (aka fight of flight)
ephinephrine & norephinphrine
____gland is the primary gland responsible for the “speed” your metabolism
thyroid
a hormonal disorder caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol, leading to various symptoms like weight gain, especially in the face and upper body, high blood pressure, and muscle weakness.
Cushing syndrome
a chronic condition where the body either doesn’t produce enough insulin or can’t effectively use the insulin it produces, leading to high blood sugar levels.
diabetes
occurs when the thyroid gland doesn’t produce enough thyroid hormones, leading to symptoms like fatigue, weight gain, and cold intolerance, often treated with hormone replacement therapy.
hypothyroid
thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone, leading to a sped-up metabolism and various symptoms
hyperthyroid
a rare medical condition characterized by excessive growth in height and other body parts due to high levels of growth hormone (GH) during childhood
gigantism
pituitary gland produces too much growth hormone that causes enlargement of the face, hands, and feet.
acromegaly
a condition where the pituitary gland doesn’t produce enough growth hormone, leading to stunted growth and short stature in children.
dwarfism
Thyr/o, thyroid/o
thyroid
Parathyroid/o
parathyroid gland
Pancreat/o
pancreas
Hypothalam/o
hypothalamus
Gynec/o
female
Gonad/o
sex glands, reproductive organs
Glyc/o
glycogen
Gluc/o
glucose
Cortic/o
cortex, outer region
Andr/o
male
Adren/o, aderenal/o
adrenal glands
aden/o
gland
