Chapter 8 Flashcards
Alzheimer’s Disease
progressive disease with degeneration of nerve endings in the cortex of the brain
anticonvulsant
theraputic agent that stops or prevents convulsions
aracnoid (mater)
weblike middle membrane of meninges
associative neuron
carries messages from sensory neuron to motor neuron
autonomic nervous system
collection of nerves, ganglia, and plexuses through which visceral organs, heart, blood vessels, glands, and smooth (involuntary) muscles receive stimulation
axons
nerve cell structure which carries impulses away from cell body to dendrites
blood-brain barrier
substance cannot penetrate the brain tissue
brain stem
made up of three parts: the midbrain, pons, and the medulla.
brain tumor
may develop in any part of the brain. Symptoms depend on which area is involved.
central nervous system
consists of the brain and spinal cord
cerebellum
located behind the pons and below the cerebrum. Has two hemispheres.
cerebral aqueduct
a narrow canal that connects the third and fourth ventricles
cerebral cortex
the outer cortex “grey matter”
cerebral palsy
a disturbance in voluntary muscle action due to brain damage
cerebral ventricals
the four lined cavaties of the brain which are filled with cerebrospinal fluid
cerebrospinal fluid
a substance that forms inside the four brain ventricles from the blood vessels of the choroid plexuses
cerebrum
the largest part of the brain
choroid plexus
a rich network of blood vessels of the pia mater
corpus callosum
the middle region of the two hemispheres is held together by a wide band of axonal fibers called…
dementia
a general term that includes disorders such as Alzeimer’s disease, vascular dementia, others
dendrites
carry messages to the the cell body
diencephalon
located between the cerebrum and the midbrain
dura mater
the outer brain covering, which lines the inside of the skull
encephalitis
an inflammation of the brain
epilepsy
a seizure disorder of the brain, characterized by recurring and excessive discharge from neurons
essential tremor
a nerve disorder causing tremors to occur in a person who is moving or trying to move
fibers
processes; paths along which nerve impulses travel
fissures
deep furrows or grooves
fourth ventricle
situated below the third, in front of the cerebellum, and behind the pons and the medulla oblongata
frontal lobe
forms the anterior portion of each hemisphere. controls voluntary muscle movement
gyri (convolutions)
the elevated ridges between the sulci
hematoma
a localized mass of blood collection and may occur in the spaces between the meninges
hydrocephalus
a condition that involves an increased volume of cerebrospinal fluid within the ventricals of the brain
hypothalamus
lies below the thalamus. connected to the posterior pituitary gland, the thalamus and the midbrain by a bundle of nerves; part of the limbic system
interneuron
associative neurons; carry impulses from the sensory neuron to the motor neuron
interventricular foramen
the area that connectsthe third ventricle of the brain to the two lateral ventricles
lateral ventricle
the two largest ventricles located within the cerebral hemispheres
limbic lobe
located in the center of the brain beneath the other four cerebral lobes, influences unconcious instinctive behavior
lumbar puncture
removal of cerebrospinal fluid for diagnostic purposes by insertion of a needle between the third and fourth lumbar vertebrae
medulla oblongata
part of the brainstem, contains the nuclei for vital functions
membrane excitability
ability of nerves to carry impulses by creating electric charges
memory
process by which we store information we have learned
meninges
any of the three linings enclosing the brain and the spinal cord
menigitis
inflammation of the lining of the brain and spinal cord
motor neuron (efferent)
carries messages from brain to spinal cord to muscles and glands
multiple sclerosis (MS)
chronic inflammatory disease in which the immune cells attack the myelin sheath of a nerve
myelin sheath (neurilemma)
layers of cell membrane that wrap nerve fibers, providing electrical insulation and increasing the velocity of impulse transmission
neuroglia
network of cells that insulate, support, and protect the nerves of the central nervous system
neuron
nerve cell, including its processes
nystagmus
rapid involuntary movement of the eyeball
occipital lobe
part of the cerebrum that housesthe visual area
paraplegia
paralysis of the lower extremities caused by severe injury to the spinal cord in the thoracic or lumbar region, resulting in the loss of sensory or motor control below the area of injury
parietal lobe
division of the cerebrum lies beneath the parietal bone
Parkinson’s Disease
marked by tremors may be due to decrease of neurotransmitter dopamine
peripheral nervous system
made up of 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves
pia mater
innermost vascular covering of brain and spinal cord
poliomyelitis
disease of nerve pathways of the spinal cord, rarely seen because of polio vaccines
pons
part of the brainstem
quadriplegia
follows severe trauma to the spinal cord below the C1-C4 vertebrae in which there is loss of movement of all four extremities with the accompanying loss of bowl, bladder, and sexual function
sensory neuron (afferent)
emerge from the skin or sense organs and carry messages or impulse toward the spinal cord and brain
spastic quadriplegia
spastic paralysis of all four limbs
spinal cord
part of the central nervous system within the spinal column
sulci
fissures or grooves separating cerebral convolutions
synapse
space between adjacent neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
synaptic cleft
space between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another
temporal lobe
part of the cerebral hemisphere associated with the perception and interpretation of sound
thalamus
part of the diencephalon, relays sensory stimuli to the cerebral cortex
third ventricle
a cavity within the brain filled with cerebrospinal fluid behind and below the lateral ventricle
West Nile VIrus
a misquito born virus
