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Psych 275 > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the sensorimotor system?

A
  • it is a system where sensory input guides the motor output

- >control of voluntary behavior

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2
Q

Does information in the sensorimotor system flow top down or bottom up?

A

-it flows top down rather than bottom up

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3
Q

Describe the motor output guided by sensory input in terms of flexibility, sensory feedback and monitoring of ones own activities.

A

1) it allows for for sensory feedback
- >directs the continuation of responses
- >many responses are controlled unconsciously and reflexively by lower levels
2) Monitors the effects of own activities
3) Allows for flexibility in changing environment

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4
Q

Do ballistic movements require sensory feedback

A
  • no they don’t
  • > they are all-or-none
  • > it occurs at high speed
  • > for example, swatting a fly
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5
Q

How doe s learning change the sensorimotor system involvement in our actions

A
  • initial stages of learning are under conscious control
  • after practice
  • > responses do not require as much conscious regulation
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6
Q

Describe the movement of signal in terms of the association cortex, motor cortex and the skeletal muscle

A

-the signal goes from the association cortex to the motor cortex and then ends up at the skeletal muscles

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7
Q

What are the 2 major areas that initiate movement in the sensorimotor association cortex

A

1) Posterior parietal cortex

2) Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

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8
Q

What is the posterior parietal cortex(ppc) involved in terms of input

A
  • it integrates info on body position and objects in space
  • > it directs attention
  • > intention to perform an action or knowledge of having performed that action

-receives input from visual, auditory and somato sensory systems

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9
Q

Where does the output of the ppce go to?

A
  • motor cortex
  • secondary motor cortex
  • frontal eye field
  • > conscious controls eye movements
  • dlpfc
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10
Q

What is the PPC specialized for in terms of movement

A

-it is specialized for the movement of eyes, head, arms and hands

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11
Q

What sensorimotor deficits result when there is damage to the posterior parietal association cortex

A
  • perception and memory of spatial relationships deficit
  • reaching and grasping accuracy deficit
  • control of eye movement deficit
  • attention deficit
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12
Q

How does apraxia affect voluntary movement? Are there bilateral symptoms? Is there bilateral damage?

A
  • can’t make specific movements when requested to do so
  • > especially if movement is out of context
  • > but can make the same movement when not thinking about it
  • there are bilateral symptoms
  • > but only unilateral damage
  • > damage to the left ppc results in apraxia
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13
Q

What is contralateral neglect

A
  • it is the inability to respond to stimuli on the opposite side of damage
  • > often right posterior lobe is the damage
  • > so the left side of the world does not exist
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14
Q

Are the motor and sensory systems of people with contralateral neglect intact?Are the items in their left of the bodies processed?

A
  • their motor and sensory systems are intact
  • the items to the left of their bodies are not consciously perceived but they are unconsciously processed
  • > eg; they can identity incomplete drawings if complete images shown to the neglected side previously
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15
Q

Where does the dorsolateral prefrontal association cortex receive input from? Where does it project this info?

A
  • it receives input from ppc
  • it projects this info to
  • > secondary motor cortex
  • > primary motor cortex
  • > frontal eye field
  • > ppc
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16
Q

What is the relation of the dpc to external stimuli. Refer to slide 15 for more detail

A
  • it evaluates external stimuli

- it also initiates reactions to external stimuli

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17
Q

Where does the secondary motor cortex receive input from? Where does it send this input?

A
  • it receives input from association cortices

- it outputs this info to the primary motor cortex

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18
Q

What are the 2 major areas of the secondary motor cortex

A

1) Supplementary motor areas
- >extends into longitudinal fissure
2) Premotor cortex
- >lateral surface of frontal lobe
- >anterior to primary motor

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19
Q

When do mirror neurons fire?

A
  • when observing another individual perform a goal directed hand movement
  • > it is a class of ventral premotor neurons
20
Q

Where is the primary motor cortex? What is it a convergence of?

A
  • it is in the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe
  • it is a major point of convergence for sensorimotor signals
  • > therefore, also a major point of departure for sensorimotor signals
21
Q

Does the primary motor cortex encode for direction or does it encode for location?

A
  • it encodes for location
  • there was an experiment regarding the movement of an arm from a centered point
  • the firing of movement was closely related to the end point of movement
  • > as long as you get close to the target, the neurons will fire
  • > direction does not matter
22
Q

What are the effects of a pmc lesion?Read more on slide 28

A
  • mild effects
  • large lesions may disrupt movement of body parts
  • result in astereognosia
  • may reduce speed accuracy and force of movement
23
Q

Is the cerebellum part of the sensorimotor hierarchy

A
  • no it is not
  • > it interacts with the sensorimotor hierarchy
  • > helps with fine tuning and learning of cognitive tasks
  • > well connected to other structures as well
24
Q

Is the cerebellum important for sequence motor learning?

A
  • yes

- >it is involved with the timing of actions

25
Q

What 3 inputs does the cerebellum adapt or correct to ongoing movements

A
  • M1/M2
  • descending motor signals from the brain stem
  • somatosensory and vestibular systems feedback
26
Q

What percent of the brain mass does the cerebellum occupy? What is the amount of neurons that it occupies of the brain?How is it organized

A
  • it occupies 10% of the brain mass
  • it occupies more than 50% of brain’s neurons
  • it is organized in lobes, columns and layers
27
Q

Are cerebellum functions limited to sensorimotor

A
  • no

- >it also deals with sensory, cognitive and emotional info

28
Q

What does cerebellum damage do to the whole body

A
  • so there is no precise control of direction, force, velocity and amplitude of movements
  • no adaptation to changing conditions
  • difficulty maintaining postures
  • disturbance in eye movement, gait, balance and speech
  • new motor sequence learning is difficult
29
Q

Is the basal ganglia part of the sensorimotor hierarchy?

A
  • it interacts with the sensiromotor hierarchy

- >it interconnects sensory and motor areas

30
Q

Describe the modulatory function of the basal ganglia

A
  • so it is part of neural loops for the motor modulatory function
  • > connecting the basal ganglia, the thalamus to the motor cortex
  • for the cognitive modulatory function
  • > it projects to the prefrontal cortex
  • > involved in procedural/ habit and learning
31
Q

What tracts does the primary motor cortex send signals to? How do these tracts work together

A
  • it sends signals to the 2 major dorsolateral tracts
  • also sends signals to the 2 major ventromedial tracts
  • these tracts work together to control movement
32
Q

What is the dorsolateral corticospinal tract involved in?Where do axons from higher centers come from for this tract?

A
  • it is direct
  • involved in voluntary movement
  • group of axons descend from m1->medulla->spinal white matter
  • > through medullary pyramids
33
Q

Do axons in the dorsolateral cortospinal tract terminate in interneurons in the spinal grey matter?Where would these neurons synapse afterwards

A
  • yes
  • these neurons then synapse on motor neurons of distal muscles
  • > including the wrist, hands, fingers and toes
34
Q

What are betz cells in the dorsolateral cortospinal tract? Which body part are they most involved in?

A
  • they are large pyramidal neurons of m1
  • > axons bundle to form the tract
  • > terminate in lower regions of spinal cord on leg motor neurons
  • > involved in rapid and powerful VOLUNTARY leg movements
35
Q

What is the dorsolateral corticorubrospinal tract involved in?Where do neurons from the higher centers come from for this tract?Where do some of these axons terminate. Look at slide 8 of chapter 8 part 2 for more info.

A
  • it is indirect
  • M1->red nucleus->medulla
  • some terminate in the nuclei of cranial nerves
  • > control facial muscles
36
Q

What is the ventromedial corticospinal tract? Where do neurons from the higher centers come from for this tract?

A
  • it is direct
  • involved in posture/locomotoion
  • descends ipisilaterally from m1 to ventromedial areas of spinal white matter
  • > branches diffusely
  • > innervates both sides of spinal grey matter
37
Q

What is the ventromedial cortico-brainstem spinal tract ?

A
  • it is indirect
  • motor cortex axons feed into complex network of brain stem structures(RAS)
  • some axons descend bilaterally in ventromedial portion of spinal cord
  • > each side carries info from both hemispheres
38
Q

What hierarchy are sensorimotor spinal circuits

A
  • they are the lowest level of hierarchy

- >complex functioning independent of brain singals

39
Q

How do motor units work in terms of how many fibers it can innervate?How do they differ in the number of muscle fibres they control

A
  • single motor neuron=all fibers innervated
  • > neuron fires all muscle fibers of unit contract together
  • differ in number of muscle fibres
  • > fewer fibres=more selective motor control
  • > eg; fingers and face have fewer fibres so they have more selective motor control
40
Q

What are skeletal muscles attached to bone by?

A

-they are attached to bone by tendon

41
Q

What is a motor end plate

A
  • it is on each muscle fiber

- >activated by Ach at neuromuscular junction

42
Q

What is a motor pool

A

-all neurons innervating fibers of a single muscle

43
Q

What are the two types of muscle fiber types? Describe their differences

A

Fast(white)

  • > contract and relax quickly
  • > generate great force
  • > fatigue quickly
  • > poorly vasculated

Slow(red)

  • > endurance
  • > weaker
  • > slower
  • > sustained contraction
  • > richly vasculated
44
Q

What are the 2 categories of muscles`

A
  • flexors
  • > which bend or flex a joint
  • > eg; biceps
  • extensors
  • > straighten or extend a joint
  • > eg; triceps
45
Q

Contrast synergistic muscles vs antagonistic

A
  • synergistic=contraction produces the same movement

- antagonistic=contraction produces the opposing movement

46
Q

What are the two types of contraction

A

Isometric
->contraction increases tension exerted on the 2 bones without shortening or pulling together

Dynamic Contraction
->contraction can shorten or pull together 2 bones

47
Q

How can tension in contracting muscles be increased

A
  • increase number of neurons firing in motor pool
  • increase firing rates of neurons
  • or a combination of both

Psych 275 (4 decks)

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