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Psych 275 > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

Is there a hierarchical organization to the sensory system?

A
  • yes
  • > primary to secondary to association

Primary
->receives input from thalamus

Secondary
->receives input from primary

Association

  • > receives input from more than one primary sensory system
  • > mostly receives from secondary
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2
Q

How does damage work in the hierarchical sensory system

A

Lower hierarchical levels damaged=loss of function

Higher levels=specific sensory deficits

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3
Q

Is agnosia a perception problem or a sensation one

A

-it is a perception problem

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4
Q

Describe the functional segregation theory to sensory systems hierarchical organization

A
  • they are segregated

- >different analysis within each level

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5
Q

Describe the parallel processing theory to sensory systems hierarchical organization

A
  • different levels of sensory hierarchy are not just in a series
  • > there are parallel system and multiple pathways
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6
Q

What are the two types of parallel streams in parallel processing of sensory systems

A
  • there is the stream that influence behavior without conscious awareness
  • there is the other stream that influence behavior without engaging in conscious awareness
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7
Q

What is the claustrum?Where is it in the seonsory hierarchy

A

-it is a thin sheet of neurons under the neocortex

  • sits at the top of the sensory hierarchy
  • > receives signals from all lower areas to form perception
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8
Q

What is amplitude frequency and pitch

A
  • amplitude means loudness
  • frequency means pitch
  • complexity means timbre
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9
Q

Do pure tones exist?What kind of a wave is it? Is there a close relationship between tone and pitch

A
  • they do not exist
  • > only lab produced
  • sine wave
  • close relationship between tone and pitch
  • > can’t localize->uncomfortable
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10
Q

Where do you find complex waves

A
  • it is found in nature

- >always associated with complex patterns and vibrations

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11
Q

What is the fourier analysis and how does the auditory system relate to this analysis

A
  • it is breaking down the complex waves into component sine waves
  • > different frequencies and amplitudes result
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12
Q

Describe the movement of vibrations throughout the outer ear

A
  • it travels down the auditory canal
  • vibrates the tympanic membrane
  • > vibration is transferred to the ossicle
  • > malleus, anvil, stapes

-note stapes trigger vibrations in the oval window

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13
Q

Describes how pressure change in works in the organ of corti

A

-each pressure change in the oval window travels along the organ of corti as a wave

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14
Q

What are the 2 membranes of the organ of corti

A
  • basilar membrane
  • > the hair cells are mounted here
  • tectorial membrane which rests on the hair cells

-note round window dissipates vibrations

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15
Q

How do different frequencies of sound stimulate the organ of corti in different ways

A

High frequencies
->increase haircells by the oval window

Low frequencies
->increase haircell stimulation by tip of basical membrane

-note different components of complex sounds act in different locations

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16
Q

How is the tonotopic of map described

A
  • it describes each level of the auditory system

- >the system is organized by frequency

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17
Q

What is the endolymph

  • > what ion is it rich in?
  • > also is there an ion imbalance and if so what maintains this ion imbalance
A
  • the endolymph is the fluid surrounding hair cells
  • > it is rich in potassium ions
  • there is an ionic imbalance
  • > the tight junctions maintain this ionic imbalance
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18
Q

What are the tip links in cilia hair cells

A
  • they are thread like connections from the tip of the cilium to non specific cation channel on the neighbouring cilia
  • note cation channels open with movement towards the tallest
  • > opens the voltage gated calcium channels once the potassium influx depolarizes the cilia
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19
Q

What are the numbers of the outer hair cells like compared to the inner one? Where is it strongly connected to? Are there efferent connections

A
  • 3x more numerous than inner ear
  • strong connection to tectorial membrane
  • input from brain to ear
  • > there are efferent connections
  • > so top-down
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20
Q

Are there multiple networks of auditory pathways

A
  • multiple network of auditory pathways
  • > different compared to visison

-axons of each auditory nerve synapse on ipsilateral cochlear nuclei

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21
Q

Describe movement of signal from superior olives to contralateral and ipsilateral A1

A
  • signals from each ear combined
  • > go to both sides of olives
  • they then project to inferior colliculi via lateral meniscus
  • then the MGN and finally A1
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22
Q

What is the difference between lateral and medial superior olives. Where do these olives project their signals to?

A
  • medial responds to differences in time of arrival
  • lateral responds to differences in amplitude or loudness
  • they both project to superior colliculi
  • > where it is retinotopically organized
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23
Q

Where is the auditory cortex located? Is it similar in humans and primative relatives? How does the cortex respond to pure tones as compared to relevant tones?

A
  • they are located in temporal lobes within the lateral fissure
  • similar in humans and primative relatives
  • respond less to pure tones than relevant tones
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24
Q

Describe the difference between A2 and A1 auditory cortex

A

A1

  • > receives majority of input from mgn
  • > organized into functional columns
  • tonotopic

A2

  • > more complex
  • > adjacent to A1
  • > organized by frequency
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25
Q

Describe the two streams of the A2 cortex

A

Prefrontal cortex and inferotemporal cortex

  • > referred to as the anterior pathway
  • > what pathway
  • > identify sounds

Posterior parietal cortex

  • > posterior auditory pathway
  • > here some neurons have visual and others have auditory receptive fields
  • > it is the where pathway
  • > locates the sounds
  • > prepares for action
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26
Q

Is auditory cortex damage rare?

A
  • it is rare

- >if it does occur it is more than just auditory cortex damage

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27
Q

What is conductive deafness originate from?

A

-it originates from the ossicles

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28
Q

What is nerve deafness? Where does it originate from?

A
  • it can be due to loss of hair cell receptors
  • > frequency specific
  • > it is a characteristic of age related deafness

-note it originates from nerve damage

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29
Q

What is the main purpose of cochlear implants? How does it work?Does it restore hearing fully

A
  • main purpose is to bypass hair cell damage
  • it converts sounds picked up by the microphone to electric signals
  • > carried to electrodes which excites the auditory nerve

-it does not restore hearing fully

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30
Q

What is tinnitus? What are the cause of it?

A

-tittinus is the perception of noises in the head or ear which don’t have an external source

Due to

  • > normal hearing
  • > following hearing loss
  • > common with aging
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31
Q

Does tinnitus continue even after auditory nerve cuts?

A
  • yes

- >this suggests that tinnitus is a product of central processing

32
Q

Describe the three systems of the somatosensory system

A

1) Exteroreceptive system
- >senses external stimuli applied to skin
- >mechanical stimuli, thermal stimuli and nociceptive stimuli

2) Proprioceptive system
- >monitors the position of the body
- >receptors from muscles, joints and organs for balance

3) Interoceptive system
- >general info about bodily conditions
- >eg; temperature and blood pressure

33
Q

Describe the characteristics of cutaneous receptors. Note there is 5 of them.

A

1) embedded in skin
- >stimuli change chemistry of receptor to change ion permeability

2)Not 1 receptor for each sensation

3) Free nerve endings
- >Multimodal where one is for pain and the other is for temperature

4) Pacinian corpuscles
- >mechanoreceptor
- >sense sudden skin displacements
- >adapt rapidly
- >cannot send constant pressure
- >note they are the LARGEST AND THE DEEPEST

5) Merkels disks and Ruffini ending
- mechanoreceptors
- >adapt slowly
- >gradual skin indentation is Merkel
- >gradual skin stretch is Ruffini

34
Q

What are dermatomes? Where do neural fibres from cutaneous receptors enter the spinal cord?

A
  • area of the body that is innervated by left and right dorsal roots of a given segment of the spinal cord
  • note nueral fibres from cutaneous receptors enter the spinal cord via dorsal roots
35
Q

How does the destruction of single dorsal root affect somatosensation?

A
  • destruction of single dorsal root produces little somatosensory loss
  • > this is due to the overlap between adjacent dermatomes
36
Q

What are the 2 major pathways in which info ascends from each side of the body to the cortex

A

1) Dorsal column medial lemniscus
- >tends to carry touch and proprioception

2) Anterolateral system
- >tends to carry temperature and pain information

  • note there is no perfect separation between the two pathways
  • > there is some overlap
37
Q

Describe the dorsal column medial lemniscus pathway

A
  • dorsal root ipsilateral
  • > then synapse in dorsal column nuclei
  • > then cross over in medulla
  • > finally ascends up the medial lemniscus
38
Q

Where do the neurons go after they end up in the medial lemniscus

A

Ventral posterior thalamus

  • > receives input from 3 branches of trigeminal nerve
  • > carry this info to the contralateral side of the face

Somatosensory cortex(s1) and somatosensory cortex(s2)

  • > most project to s1
  • > others bypass s1 and go straight to s2
39
Q

Describe the anterolateral system dorsal root neurons

A
  • they synapse as soon as they enter the spinal cord
  • > second order neurons decussate
  • > ascend into brain contralaterally
  • > others do not decussate and ascend ipsilaterally
40
Q

Do lesions eliminate pain and temperature sensation

A

-no

41
Q

Describe the three tracts of the antero lateral system

A

1) Spinothalamic tract
- >projects to ventral posterior thalamus
- >same as dorsal column

2) Spinoreticular tract
- >projects to reticular formation
- >then to parafasicular nuclei and intralaminar nuclei of thalamus

3) Spinotectal tract
- >projects to tectum(colliculi)

42
Q

How does the anterolateral system interact with the thalamic and the somatosensory cortices?

A
  • 3 branches of trigeminal nerve carry pain and temperature info to the ventral posterior thalamus
  • > pain and temperature info that reaches the thalamus is then projected onto the s1 and s2
43
Q

What happens to body sensation

A
  • there is no body sensation felt below the level of the cut

- >lower spinal injuries are better

44
Q

How did penfeild map the primary somatosensory cortex

A
  • different areas of the somatosensory cortex stimulate different parts of the body
  • it is organized somatotipically
45
Q

Describe the somatosensory homunculus

A
  • there is contralateral input
  • it is distorted
  • largest areas are dedicated to parts of the body with the finest tactile discrimination
  • > require many neurons with small receptive fields
  • > small S1 areas come from the large parts of the body
  • > note there are few neurons with large receptive fields
46
Q

Describe the columnar organization in the S1 cortex

A
  • there are antagonistic and excitatory receptive fields

- >center-surround

47
Q

Describe the columnar composition of the S1 cortex

A
  • there are 4 functional strips in each column
  • > each strip for each kind of somatosensory input
  • > touch/pressure/heat/pain
  • > integration of these parallel streams
48
Q

What happens as you move anterior to posterior in the column composition of the S1 cortex

A
  • there are more specifc/complex responses

- >this shift from the anterior to the posterior is referred to as hierarchical organization

49
Q

Is S2 also somatotopic? Where does it extend into? Where does it receive most of its input from?Where does the output from s1 and s2 eventually end up in?

A
  • S2 is also somatotopic
  • it extends into the lateral fissure
  • the output eventually ends up in the posterior parietal lobe
50
Q

Describe the dorsal and ventral processing streams of the somatosensory

A

Dorsal

  • > S1->posterior parietal
  • > multisensory integration
  • > directs attention

Ventral

  • > S1->S2
  • > perception of objects by shape
51
Q

Is damage to somatosensory cortex mild? If yes, then please explain why

A
  • it is often mild

- >because there are numerous parallel pathways in the somatosensory cortex

52
Q

How do bilateral deficits arise in the somatosensory cortex

A

-they arise due to s1 and s2 lesions

53
Q

What is astereognosia

A
  • it is the inability to recognize objects by touch
  • > it is rare
  • > it is a somatosensory agnosia
54
Q

What is asomatognosia? Is it unilateral?

A
  • failure to recognize ones own body parts
  • usually unilateral
  • > usually affects the left side
  • > associated with right posterior parietal damage
  • note there is contralateral neglect
  • > failure to respond to stimuli that are contralateral to the injury
55
Q

Is pain parodoxical

A
  • yes
  • > it is adaptive
  • > it allows us to survive and avoid potentially harmful stimuli
56
Q

Describe the cortixal representation of pain

A
  • there is clear corticla representation
  • > many areas of the cortex are activated
  • > varies greatly among individuals
57
Q

Describe the role of s1 and s2 in pain stimuli. Look at slide 51.

A
  • s1 and s2 both respond to painful stimuli

- >removal of s1 and s2 does not affect pain perception

58
Q

Describe the anterior cingulate cortex relation to pain

A
  • it is the most commonly linked to pain
  • PET imaging increases for certain instances of pain within this region

-likely involved in emotional, behaviour adaptations to pain rather than the pain stimuli itself

59
Q

What is prefrontal lobotomy

A
  • it removes the anterior cingulate cortex
  • > patients then have no emotional reactions to pain
  • > they still feel the pain
60
Q

Describe descending pain control in terms of cognitive and emotional factors

A
  • pain can be suppressed by cognitive and emotional factors
  • > eg; wounds suffered by soldiers in battle
  • > or injury in life threatening situation where you don’t feel the pain until the threat is gone
61
Q

How does the gate control theory of pain describe the ability of the brain to block pain

A
  • when the gate is open
  • > signals coming from the spinal cord can be transmitted to the brain
  • when the gate is closed
  • > descending signals from the brain can block pain coming from the spinal cord
  • > so no conscious processing of the brain
62
Q

What is the role of the periaqueductal gray

A
  • it is an analgesic
  • > has pain blocking effects
  • > contains specialized opiate receptors(Hi opiate receptors)
  • stimulate pag and there is no pain
  • that is why certain drugs and psychological factors may block pain through the pag descending circuits
63
Q

What is the periaqueductal gray relationship to the endorphins

A
  • it is the site of endorphin production

- >makes and releases endorphins

64
Q

Describe neuropathic pain.

A
  • it is the bad side of neuroplasticity
  • there is severe chronic pain in absence of painful stimuli
  • > develops after injury
  • > the injury heals but the chronic excruciating pain remains
  • pain is triggered by innocuous stimulus
  • > light, breeze, or soft touch
65
Q

What is the mechanism of neuropathic pain

A

Mechanism is unknown

  • > pain source is in the cns
  • > pain medications are ineffective
66
Q

Describe the purpose of chemical senses

A
  • monitor chemical content in the environment

- >works together to produce flavour

67
Q

What factors are involved in flavour? Where is all this flavour processed?

A
  • smell and taste act together during the meal
  • other factors include:
  • > temperature, look satiety and texture

-this is all processed in association areas

68
Q

Describe the role of phermones in animals

A

1) influence physiology and behaviour
2) Regulate social interactions
3) Sex and aggression within hamsters
- >note once female vulva is removed and cannot release phermones
- >the aggression is stopped

69
Q

How do phermones work in humans? Describe different cases.

A
  • the olfactory system is greatest during ovulation or pregnancy
  • you can id genders by breath or sweat in underarms
  • males can judge state of cycle by by vaginal odor
  • synchronization of menstrual cycles
70
Q

Describe the olfactory system receptors

A
  • receptor cells on upper part of nose
  • > receptors embedded in dendrites in nasal passage
  • > axons extending from dendrites then travel through cribriform plate
  • > this axon then projects to the olfactory bulb
71
Q

Describe the olfactory mucosa

A
  • it is mucus covered tissue
  • > receptor of cells are embedded in here
  • > organization is unclear
72
Q

What is the cribriform plate

A
  • it is a porous portion of the skull

- >axons pass through this portion

73
Q

Describe the olfactory receptors and its respond to odours

A
  • each receptor type responds in varying degrees to variety of odors
  • all receptors of the same type project to same general location in the olfactory bulb
74
Q

Describe the receptor lifespan in the olfactory system

A
  • new receptors are created regularly
  • > they replace deteriorated ones every few weeks
  • > unknown how the cell are regulated
75
Q

What are olfactory glomeruli

A
  • they are clusters of neurons
  • outside of the olfactory bulb
  • receive input from multiple receptor cells
  • > all from the same receptor type
76
Q

Is there chemotopuc organization to glomeruli

A
  • yes, symmetry in glomeruli across both bulbs

- different odors produce different spatial patterns of activity on the bulb

77
Q

What are two major olfactory pathways

A
  • one projects to the limbic system
  • > mediates emotional response to odors
  • the other goes through medial dorsal nucleus of the thalamus to the orbitofrontal cortex
  • > this allows for conscious perception of odors

Psych 275 (4 decks)

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